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fix(adapters,plugins,edge): a push token replayed to another replica or Worker isolate is refused - #1122
With enableWebhook, a saas source takes pushed bundles at POST /__skilled_openapi/push. The push token passes the pull token's checks and a replay guard: its iat must be within five minutes and its jti unused. The guard kept the jtis it had seen in each process's memory.
On Cloudflare, where managed mode runs (createEdgeMcp({ managed })), each isolate and each replica has its own memory. So a push replayed to another isolate within the five minutes was accepted again. The bundle still had to be signed by a trusted key, and since #1119 an older one isn't applied. But a replay of the current or a newer push got through, and each replay ran the apply path. Replicas on Node had the same gap.
Now the guard records each jti in a store that every instance serving the server shares.
The store.
ReplayNonceStore (claim(key, ttlMs)) is what the guard writes to. WebhookReplayGuard takes it as store. Without one, it uses MemoryReplayNonceStore, which is today's in-memory behaviour.
StorageReplayNonceStore runs over any @frontmcp/utils storage. It writes the key once, with its TTL, only when the key is absent (SET NX EX on Redis). Then it reads the key back: the claim that finds its own random id there won. This works on Redis, Upstash, Vercel KV and SQLite, through the existing createStorage() factory, never a raw client.
A jti is kept until its token's iat leaves the window (iat + 5 min), not five minutes from now. So a token issued slightly ahead of the server's clock can't be replayed once a plain five-minute TTL would have lapsed.
Fail closed. A store that can't be read or written makes the guard return store_unavailable. The source refuses the push (SaasPushRefusedError, refusal replay-unchecked), and the push flow answers 503 temporarily_unavailable with an error log. A push is never accepted unchecked. The public answers stay the same: 409 push_replayed for a used jti, 401 invalid_token for a bad token.
On Cloudflare: a Durable Object. KV is eventually consistent, so two isolates could both read a jti as unused. KV can't be a replay guard.
@frontmcp/edge adds PushReplayDurableObject, exposed as mcp.PushReplayDurableObject the way the session object is. It is bound as FRONTMCP_PUSH_REPLAY by default, or under managed.pushReplay.binding.
Every isolate reaches the one object named after expectedAudience.
Each claim lists the stored jtis, drops the expired ones (128 keys per delete, the platform's limit), then reads and writes the claimed key. Only storage calls are awaited, so the object's input gate makes the read and the write atomic.
With enableWebhook and no binding, every push answers 503, and the log names the missing binding. Pulls and Cron runs are not affected.
managed.pushReplay can also be a function of env returning a store, for Deno, Bun, or a store of your own.
The edge hands the store to the plugin through the existing runtime-deps token, as BundleSourceDeps.pushReplayStore. That injected store wins over the source option.
On Node: a source option. A single process keeps the in-memory default. Replicas set pushReplayStorage on the saas source: a createStorage() config, next to enableWebhook.
Its Zod schema allows redis, upstash, vercel-kv and sqlite.
It refuses memory, auto (which can fall back to memory) and cloudflare-kv (no atomic write-once).
It refuses fallback: 'memory', and the store is always created with fallback: 'error'.
The store connects on the first push and tries again on the next push after a failed connection. Keys live under frontmcp:skilled-openapi:push-jti:<expectedAudience>:.
Scenarios covered:
B6 and J2: pushed bundles on a managed Cloudflare Worker.
J4: several replicas.
B2: the saas source with enableWebhook on Node.
User-facing change
What changed:
A push token replayed to another replica or Worker isolate is refused with 409 push_replayed, as on the same instance.
New in @frontmcp/edge:
mcp.PushReplayDurableObject, a Durable Object class, needed with managed.enableWebhook;
the option managed.pushReplay, { binding } (default FRONTMCP_PUSH_REPLAY) or a function of env;
the types EdgePushReplayStore and EdgePushReplayStoreFactory.
New saas source option pushReplayStorage: a createStorage() config of type redis, upstash, vercel-kv or sqlite. Other types and fallback: 'memory' fail validation.
New 503 temporarily_unavailable answer to a push, with the description the replay guard's store could not record the push token, when the store can't be reached. The log names the reason.
@frontmcp/adapters/skills:
new exports ReplayNonceStore, MemoryReplayNonceStore, StorageReplayNonceStore and createStorageReplayNonceStore;
BundleSourceDeps.pushReplayStore;
SaasPushRefusedError.refusal can be 'replay-unchecked';
ReplayRejectCode adds 'store_unavailable'.
WebhookReplayGuard.check() now returns a promise. It takes a store option, and size and prune() moved to MemoryReplayNonceStore.
Before → after:
Before: a managed Worker with enableWebhook took a push, and a replay of its token to another isolate within five minutes answered 200 and applied the bundle again. Node replicas behaved the same.
After: the replay answers 409 push_replayed.
Migration for managed Workers with enableWebhook:
export mcp.PushReplayDurableObject;
bind it as FRONTMCP_PUSH_REPLAY, with a new_sqlite_classes migration;
until it is bound, pushes answer 503 (pulls and Cron runs keep working).
Node: a single process needs nothing. Replicas set pushReplayStorage.
the Pushed Bundles section: the Durable Object, the 503 row, the Node option;
the wrangler.toml example: the binding and its migration.
Tests
Added:
@frontmcp/adapters:
the guard over a shared store: a second guard refuses a nonce the first accepted, while two in-memory guards don't share;
a store failure refuses, as store_unavailable, and is counted in telemetry;
the TTL runs to iat + window;
StorageReplayNonceStore: written once, TTL rounded up to whole seconds and at least one, claimable again after the TTL expires, one winner of two concurrent claims;
createStorageReplayNonceStore: connects on the first claim with fallback: 'error', keys under its namespace, connects again after a failed connection;
MemoryReplayNonceStore: expiry, prune, capacity;
the saas source:
two sources sharing a store refuse a replay;
a failing store refuses as replay-unchecked;
pushReplayStorage is created through createStorage() and keyed under the audience;
an injected pushReplayStore wins;
pushReplayStorage validation: accepted types; memory, auto, cloudflare-kv and an unset type refused; fallback: 'memory' refused; a value that is not a config refused.
@frontmcp/plugin-skilled-openapi, a real server: two replicas sharing a store refuse a replayed push with 409 and keep their bundle, either replica takes a fresh token, and a failing store answers 503 and applies nothing.
@frontmcp/edge:
the Durable Object: claim and refuse, TTL expiry, expired keys dropped as it claims, more than 128 expired keys, 400 for a bad claim;
the worker-side store: two isolates sharing one object refuse the second claim, names are kept apart, an error status, a missing claimed or a non-JSON answer throws, an unreachable object throws;
the binding: the default binding or a named one; a missing binding, or one that isn't a namespace, refuses every claim; the function form, and a function that returns nothing, which refuses;
wiring: the controller gets the Durable Object store named after the audience, a store that refuses when the binding is missing, none without enableWebhook; the class is on the module.
E2E demo-e2e-cloudflare:
the fixture Worker runs as two replicas in one Miniflare: two Workers of the same wrangler deploy --dry-run bundle, each in its own isolate with its own memory, sharing the KV namespace and the push replay Durable Object (bound to the first through scriptName), as a deployed Worker's isolates do;
a push applied on one replica, with its token replayed to the other, is refused with 409, and the other keeps serving its bundle;
a fresh token on the other replica is applied.
With the edge store turned off (the in-memory guard), the replay answers 200 and the test fails, so it tests the fix. The two new plugin integration tests also fail when the source ignores the shared store.
tsc --noEmit (tsconfig.lib.json of adapters, edge, plugin-skilled-openapi)
pass
eslint, prettier on the changed files
pass
yarn install --immutable
pass
The SDK is not changed, so the browser bundle-size budgets are not affected.
Summary by CodeRabbit
New Features
Push-token replay protection can now use shared storage across replicas and Worker isolates. Cloudflare Workers use a Durable Object by default, while other deployments can configure a supported storage provider or store.
Replayed tokens are rejected; if replay storage is unavailable, pushes are refused with a temporary-unavailability response.
Documentation
Added configuration guidance for replay protection, storage options, Cloudflare bindings, and deployment setup.
…or Worker isolate is refused
The push replay guard kept the jtis it had seen in each process's memory. The
isolates and replicas of a Cloudflare Worker share no memory, so a push replayed
to another isolate within the five minutes its iat allows was accepted again
and ran the apply path.
The guard now records each jti in a store every instance shares:
- On a Worker, @frontmcp/edge keeps them in a Durable Object
(mcp.PushReplayDurableObject, bound as FRONTMCP_PUSH_REPLAY), which reads and
writes a jti atomically. KV can't be used: it is eventually consistent. Without
the binding, pushes answer 503; pulls and Cron runs are not affected.
- On Node, one process keeps the in-memory default. Replicas set the saas
source's pushReplayStorage, a createStorage() config (redis, upstash,
vercel-kv or sqlite), validated so that memory, auto, cloudflare-kv and a
memory fallback are refused.
- A store that can't be read or written refuses the push with 503
temporarily_unavailable. A replayed jti still answers 409 push_replayed, and a
bad token 401.
The changes add shared replay-store support for SaaS push tokens and managed edge Workers. Pushes with reused tokens are rejected across instances that share a store. Store failures produce a distinct refusal path, and the Cloudflare fixture tests replay behavior across Worker replicas.
Changes: Push-Token Replay Protection
Layer / File(s)
Summary
Replay-store contracts and guard libs/adapters/src/skills/security/replay-nonce-store.ts, libs/adapters/src/skills/security/webhook-replay-guard.ts, libs/adapters/src/skills/index.ts, libs/adapters/src/skills/__tests__/*
Adds in-memory and storage-backed nonce stores. The asynchronous webhook replay guard uses a store to claim nonces and reports store failures as store_unavailable.
Adds pushReplayStorage configuration and an injected replay-store option. SaaS pushes map replay and store failures to distinct refusals; the push flow returns 409 for replays and 503 when replay checking is unavailable.
Adds a Durable Object-backed replay store, binding and factory resolution, and managed-mode wiring. The documentation describes configuration and deployment requirements.
Cloudflare replica setup and replay test apps/e2e/demo-e2e-cloudflare/e2e/helpers/managed-worker.ts, apps/e2e/demo-e2e-cloudflare/e2e/managed-edge-autoupdate.e2e.spec.ts, apps/e2e/demo-e2e-cloudflare/fixture-managed/*
Configures two fixture Workers to share push-replay state and adds an end-to-end test that checks cross-replica replay rejection and a successful push with a fresh token.
sequenceDiagram
participant ManagedWorker
participant createEdgeMcp
participant resolvePushReplayStore
participant PushReplayDurableObject
participant DurableObjectStorage
ManagedWorker->>createEdgeMcp: Configure managed webhook handling
createEdgeMcp->>resolvePushReplayStore: Resolve store for expected audience
resolvePushReplayStore->>PushReplayDurableObject: Send jti claim
PushReplayDurableObject->>DurableObjectStorage: Check expiry and record claim
DurableObjectStorage-->>PushReplayDurableObject: Claim result
PushReplayDurableObject-->>ManagedWorker: Return claimed result or error
Loading
Possibly related PRs
agentfront/frontmcp#1094: Adds the original SaaS push endpoint and in-memory jti replay guard that this change extends with shared storage and Cloudflare Durable Objects.
agentfront/frontmcp#1100: Changes BundleSyncService and source lifecycle contracts used by pushed-bundle application and caching, which the integration tests exercise.
Suggested reviewers:alexmercerpo
Merge Risk: Minimal · up to 09195
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The title clearly and concisely describes the main change: rejecting push-token replays across replicas and Worker isolates.
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* Cherry-pick: fix(adapters,plugins,edge): an older saas bundle, pulled or pushed, doesn't roll the server back
Cherry-picked from #1119 (merged to release/1.11.x)
Original commit: d88f422
Co-Authored-By: frontegg-david <69419539+frontegg-david@users.noreply.github.com>
* Cherry-pick: fix(sdk,plugins): an @app's Skilled OpenAPI credential resolver reaches execute_action and this.callTool() of an operation
Cherry-picked from #1120 (merged to release/1.11.x)
Original commit: 00a3b00
Co-Authored-By: frontegg-david <69419539+frontegg-david@users.noreply.github.com>
* Cherry-pick: fix(adapters,plugins,edge): a push token replayed to another replica or Worker isolate is refused
Cherry-picked from #1122 (merged to release/1.11.x)
Original commit: 1341026
Co-Authored-By: frontegg-david <69419539+frontegg-david@users.noreply.github.com>
* Cherry-pick: fix(plugins): a skill a skills:filter hook hides can't be run by naming its actions
Cherry-picked from #1123 (merged to release/1.11.x)
Original commit: a081fbf
Co-Authored-By: frontegg-david <69419539+frontegg-david@users.noreply.github.com>
* Cherry-pick: fix(sdk): a plugin listed twice in one plugins list is refused at startup instead of keeping only its last entry
Cherry-picked from #1127 (merged to release/1.11.x)
Original commit: 3dbadd3
Co-Authored-By: frontegg-david <69419539+frontegg-david@users.noreply.github.com>
* Cherry-pick: fix(plugins,edge): a Cron run that doesn't apply its bundle fails, and /readyz says the bundle served is stale
Cherry-picked from #1128 (merged to release/1.11.x)
Original commit: 4938d21
Co-Authored-By: frontegg-david <69419539+frontegg-david@users.noreply.github.com>
* Cherry-pick: fix(sdk): connect() with an authToken connects an anonymous caller again on a server without auth
Cherry-picked from #1129 (merged to release/1.11.x)
Original commit: 3d238da
Co-Authored-By: frontegg-david <69419539+frontegg-david@users.noreply.github.com>
* Cherry-pick: fix(auth,adapters,plugins,edge): operators can tell why a pull or push token was refused, while callers still get the generic answer
Cherry-picked from #1130 (merged to release/1.11.x)
Original commit: 913f4f5
Co-Authored-By: frontegg-david <69419539+frontegg-david@users.noreply.github.com>
* Cherry-pick: fix(sdk,auth,plugins): this.authProviders works: the SDK wires the AuthProviders vault from a new authProvidersVault option
Cherry-picked from #1131 (merged to release/1.11.x)
Original commit: e14c30c
Co-Authored-By: frontegg-david <69419539+frontegg-david@users.noreply.github.com>
* Cherry-pick: fix(sdk,auth): /oauth/connect connects a verified caller who has no vault yet, and asks an anonymous one to sign in
Cherry-picked from #1132 (merged to release/1.11.x)
Original commit: f46a87a
Co-Authored-By: frontegg-david <69419539+frontegg-david@users.noreply.github.com>
* Cherry-pick: fix(sdk,plugins): the SDK skill surfaces say a plugin's skills haven't loaded yet, retryable, and carry bundleVersion
Cherry-picked from #1133 (merged to release/1.11.x)
Original commit: 0d1dc94
Co-Authored-By: frontegg-david <69419539+frontegg-david@users.noreply.github.com>
* Cherry-pick: fix(sdk,auth,cli,plugins): the credentials-required error keeps its connect link out of the message, and asks through URL elicitation where the client supports it
Cherry-picked from #1134 (merged to release/1.11.x)
Original commit: 6d8ea24
Co-Authored-By: frontegg-david <69419539+frontegg-david@users.noreply.github.com>
* Cherry-pick: fix(sdk): a health check registered after startup runs in /readyz, and registerHealthProbe returns a remover
Cherry-picked from #1135 (merged to release/1.11.x)
Original commit: 7f2f48f
Co-Authored-By: frontegg-david <69419539+frontegg-david@users.noreply.github.com>
* Cherry-pick: fix(sdk,plugins): a bundle swap sends one list_changed per list it changed, not one per entry
Cherry-picked from #1136 (merged to release/1.11.x)
Original commit: 0296291
Co-Authored-By: frontegg-david <69419539+frontegg-david@users.noreply.github.com>
* Cherry-pick: fix(adapters,plugins,edge): a restarted server serves its cached bundle in place of an older or refused pull, and doesn't write it back
Cherry-picked from #1137 (merged to release/1.11.x)
Original commit: 358d114
Co-Authored-By: frontegg-david <69419539+frontegg-david@users.noreply.github.com>
* Cherry-pick: fix(sdk,adapters,plugins,edge): a push token with a body_sha256 claim can't carry another bundle
Cherry-picked from #1138 (merged to release/1.11.x)
Original commit: b870325
Co-Authored-By: frontegg-david <69419539+frontegg-david@users.noreply.github.com>
* Cherry-pick: fix(plugins,edge): managed mode takes confirm, and the audit log says whether the user confirmed a call
Cherry-picked from #1139 (merged to release/1.11.x)
Original commit: 588289f
Co-Authored-By: frontegg-david <69419539+frontegg-david@users.noreply.github.com>
* Cherry-pick: fix(cli): the generated CLI says unknown command, prints an MCP error prefix once, and offers load_skill only the run lines it has
Cherry-picked from #1140 (merged to release/1.11.x)
Original commit: 4cfe9a2
Co-Authored-By: frontegg-david <69419539+frontegg-david@users.noreply.github.com>
* Cherry-pick: fix(plugins): load_skill's outputSchema describes a loaded skill once
Cherry-picked from #1141 (merged to release/1.11.x)
Original commit: 470010e
Co-Authored-By: frontegg-david <69419539+frontegg-david@users.noreply.github.com>
* Cherry-pick: fix(sdk,cli): skills/load's default answer sends formattedContent again, as 1.11.0 did; format: 'markdown' is the opt-in for the smaller one
Cherry-picked from #1142 (merged to release/1.11.x)
Original commit: a680fe7
Co-Authored-By: frontegg-david <69419539+frontegg-david@users.noreply.github.com>
---------
Co-authored-by: agentfront[bot] <agentfront[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: frontegg-david <69419539+frontegg-david@users.noreply.github.com>
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Stacks on #1120.
What and why
With
enableWebhook, asaassource takes pushed bundles atPOST /__skilled_openapi/push. The push token passes the pull token's checks and a replay guard: itsiatmust be within five minutes and itsjtiunused. The guard kept thejtis it had seen in each process's memory.On Cloudflare, where managed mode runs (
createEdgeMcp({ managed })), each isolate and each replica has its own memory. So a push replayed to another isolate within the five minutes was accepted again. The bundle still had to be signed by a trusted key, and since #1119 an older one isn't applied. But a replay of the current or a newer push got through, and each replay ran the apply path. Replicas on Node had the same gap.Now the guard records each
jtiin a store that every instance serving the server shares.The store.
ReplayNonceStore(claim(key, ttlMs)) is what the guard writes to.WebhookReplayGuardtakes it asstore. Without one, it usesMemoryReplayNonceStore, which is today's in-memory behaviour.StorageReplayNonceStoreruns over any@frontmcp/utilsstorage. It writes the key once, with its TTL, only when the key is absent (SET NX EXon Redis). Then it reads the key back: the claim that finds its own random id there won. This works on Redis, Upstash, Vercel KV and SQLite, through the existingcreateStorage()factory, never a raw client.jtiis kept until its token'siatleaves the window (iat + 5 min), not five minutes from now. So a token issued slightly ahead of the server's clock can't be replayed once a plain five-minute TTL would have lapsed.Fail closed. A store that can't be read or written makes the guard return
store_unavailable. The source refuses the push (SaasPushRefusedError, refusalreplay-unchecked), and the push flow answers503 temporarily_unavailablewith an error log. A push is never accepted unchecked. The public answers stay the same:409 push_replayedfor a usedjti,401 invalid_tokenfor a bad token.On Cloudflare: a Durable Object. KV is eventually consistent, so two isolates could both read a
jtias unused. KV can't be a replay guard.@frontmcp/edgeaddsPushReplayDurableObject, exposed asmcp.PushReplayDurableObjectthe way the session object is. It is bound asFRONTMCP_PUSH_REPLAYby default, or undermanaged.pushReplay.binding.expectedAudience.jtis, drops the expired ones (128 keys per delete, the platform's limit), then reads and writes the claimed key. Only storage calls are awaited, so the object's input gate makes the read and the write atomic.enableWebhookand no binding, every push answers503, and the log names the missing binding. Pulls and Cron runs are not affected.managed.pushReplaycan also be a function ofenvreturning a store, for Deno, Bun, or a store of your own.BundleSourceDeps.pushReplayStore. That injected store wins over the source option.On Node: a source option. A single process keeps the in-memory default. Replicas set
pushReplayStorageon thesaassource: acreateStorage()config, next toenableWebhook.redis,upstash,vercel-kvandsqlite.memory,auto(which can fall back to memory) andcloudflare-kv(no atomic write-once).fallback: 'memory', and the store is always created withfallback: 'error'.frontmcp:skilled-openapi:push-jti:<expectedAudience>:.Scenarios covered:
saassource withenableWebhookon Node.User-facing change
409 push_replayed, as on the same instance.@frontmcp/edge:mcp.PushReplayDurableObject, a Durable Object class, needed withmanaged.enableWebhook;managed.pushReplay,{ binding }(defaultFRONTMCP_PUSH_REPLAY) or a function ofenv;EdgePushReplayStoreandEdgePushReplayStoreFactory.saassource optionpushReplayStorage: acreateStorage()config of typeredis,upstash,vercel-kvorsqlite. Other types andfallback: 'memory'fail validation.503 temporarily_unavailableanswer to a push, with the descriptionthe replay guard's store could not record the push token, when the store can't be reached. The log names the reason.@frontmcp/adapters/skills:ReplayNonceStore,MemoryReplayNonceStore,StorageReplayNonceStoreandcreateStorageReplayNonceStore;BundleSourceDeps.pushReplayStore;SaasPushRefusedError.refusalcan be'replay-unchecked';ReplayRejectCodeadds'store_unavailable'.WebhookReplayGuard.check()now returns a promise. It takes astoreoption, andsizeandprune()moved toMemoryReplayNonceStore.enableWebhooktook a push, and a replay of its token to another isolate within five minutes answered200and applied the bundle again. Node replicas behaved the same.409 push_replayed.enableWebhook:mcp.PushReplayDurableObject;FRONTMCP_PUSH_REPLAY, with anew_sqlite_classesmigration;503(pulls and Cron runs keep working).pushReplayStorage.managed.pushReplay)pushReplayStorage)frontmcp-deployment/references/deploy-to-cloudflare-skills-only.md:503row, the Node option;wrangler.tomlexample: the binding and its migration.Tests
Added:
@frontmcp/adapters:store_unavailable, and is counted in telemetry;iat + window;StorageReplayNonceStore: written once, TTL rounded up to whole seconds and at least one, claimable again after the TTL expires, one winner of two concurrent claims;createStorageReplayNonceStore: connects on the first claim withfallback: 'error', keys under its namespace, connects again after a failed connection;MemoryReplayNonceStore: expiry, prune, capacity;saassource:replay-unchecked;pushReplayStorageis created throughcreateStorage()and keyed under the audience;pushReplayStorewins;pushReplayStoragevalidation: accepted types;memory,auto,cloudflare-kvand an unset type refused;fallback: 'memory'refused; a value that is not a config refused.@frontmcp/plugin-skilled-openapi, a real server: two replicas sharing a store refuse a replayed push with 409 and keep their bundle, either replica takes a fresh token, and a failing store answers 503 and applies nothing.@frontmcp/edge:claimedor a non-JSON answer throws, an unreachable object throws;enableWebhook; the class is on the module.demo-e2e-cloudflare:wrangler deploy --dry-runbundle, each in its own isolate with its own memory, sharing the KV namespace and the push replay Durable Object (bound to the first throughscriptName), as a deployed Worker's isolates do;Run:
adaptersplugin-skilled-openapiedgeskillsdemo-e2e-cloudflaredemo-e2e-skilled-openapidemo-e2e-skilled-openapi:test:pw(browser)adapters,plugin-skilled-openapi,edge)tsc --noEmit(tsconfig.lib.jsonofadapters,edge,plugin-skilled-openapi)yarn install --immutableThe SDK is not changed, so the browser bundle-size budgets are not affected.
Summary by CodeRabbit