GH-40861: [C++][Python] Support null, binary_view and string_view types in type check

[llama90]

Rationale for this change

Support null, binary_view and string_view types in type checks within PyArrow

What changes are included in this PR?

• C++: Support null, binary_view, and string_view types into the type check functionality within type_traits.h.
• Python: Expose the null, binary_view, and string_view types to Python, enabling these types to be utilized effectively in Python-level type checks.

Are these changes tested?

Yes

Are there any user-facing changes?

Yes

• GitHub Issue: [C++][Python] Implementing type check logic for NA, BINARY_VIEW, STRING_VIEW in type_traits.h #40861

[llama90]

This PR requires the prior merge of #40761. It was initiated in anticipation as the review for that PR is nearly complete.

• GH-40282: [Python] Use C++ type traits #40761

[llama90]

I don't know if this issue needs to be resolved.

I am closing the issue as it is not clear about the issue I previously wanted to address.