docs: add VERSIONING.md (image pinning, bundle semver, update/migration policy)

README.md

@@ -78,6 +78,14 @@ whose `ingress.service` is missing or doesn't name a real compose service.
 ./bin/build-catalog.sh                                    # regenerate catalog.json
 ```
 
+## Versioning
+
+A package has two version numbers — the upstream **image** pin in `compose.yaml` and **our**
+bundle version in `package.json` — and they're decoupled. We pin project images by tag **+**
+digest, and bump our bundle semver by **impact on the Hola user**, not by mirroring upstream's
+numbers. Updates to the underlying project (including ones that need a data migration) and the
+upgrade hazards to watch for are covered in **[docs/VERSIONING.md](./docs/VERSIONING.md)**.
+
 ## catalog.json
 
 `catalog.json` (generated by `bin/build-catalog.sh`) is the index the Hola server consumes via

docs/VERSIONING.md

@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+# Versioning & updates
+
+How catalog packages are versioned, how we pin upstream images, and how we handle
+updates to the underlying projects. (The migration-safety machinery this references
+is being designed in [try-hola/hola#284](https://github.com/try-hola/hola/issues/284);
+[try-hola/apps#45](https://github.com/try-hola/apps/issues/45) tracks annotating the
+existing bundles.)
+
+## Two version numbers, decoupled
+
+Every package carries two independent versions:
+
+| | Where | Whose number |
+| --- | --- | --- |
+| **Upstream project version** | the `image:` pin in `compose.yaml` (e.g. `ghcr.io/get2knowio/hangar:0.1.0`) | theirs |
+| **Bundle / catalog version** | `package.json` `version` (e.g. `1.0.0`) | **ours** |
+
+`bin/build-catalog.sh` reads the version from **`package.json`** — that's the OCI tag CI
+publishes (`ghcr.io/try-hola/<name>:<version>`) and the version the Hola server resolves
+against. (`manifest.json` keeps a copy of `version`; keep the two in sync.) The two lineages
+are unrelated — uptime-kuma is bundle `1.2.1` on image `1.23.16`; hangar is bundle `1.0.0` on
+image `0.1.0`.
+
+## Pinning the project image
+
+The compose validator (`@hola/shared/compose-validate`) **requires every service image to be
+pinned** — it runs at publish time and on the server at deploy:
+
+- **No tag** (implicit `:latest`) → error `IMAGE_MISSING_TAG`
+- **A floating tag** — `latest`, `stable`, `edge`, `nightly`, `rolling`, `current`, `lts` → error `IMAGE_MUTABLE_TAG`
+- **A specific version tag** (`:1.23.16`) → ✅
+- **An `@sha256:` digest** → ✅ (and bypasses the tag check — a digest is immutable)
+
+So a service needs **either a specific immutable tag or a digest**. Prefer **tag + digest** for
+the project container (`ghcr.io/get2knowio/hangar:0.1.0@sha256:…`): even if upstream re-pushes the
+same tag onto a different build, the digest keeps every install on the exact image we verified.
+(The validator also rejects `build:`-only services — catalog apps must reference a **prebuilt,
+published** image.)
+
+## Bumping the bundle version (semver from the *Hola user's* perspective)
+
+Our semver describes the impact of the change on **the person who installs the bundle**, not a
+mirror of upstream's numbers. The bump type is a deliberate choice (the
+`Automatic Version Bump` workflow offers patch/minor/major):
+
+| Change | Bump |
+| --- | --- |
+| Packaging-only fix, same image (healthcheck, perms, env tweak) | **patch** |
+| Bump the image pin to an upstream patch/minor that's a transparent drop-in | **patch / minor** |
+| Update that needs user action — new required env, breaking config, a data migration | **minor / major**, *regardless of what upstream called it* |
+| Remove/rename something users depend on, or anything not safe to auto-apply | **major** |
+
+The asymmetry is the point: an **upstream major can be a drop-in for us** (new pin → our minor),
+while an **upstream patch can be breaking for us** (it adds a required env var → our major). We
+**translate**, not mirror. Because images are pinned, the only way an install's image changes is
+when we cut a new bundle version — so our semver fully owns the "what changed for you" signal.
+
+## When the underlying project releases
+
+1. Update the `image:` pin (tag **and** digest) in `compose.yaml`.
+2. Update any **infra the new version needs** in the same bundle — a coupled sidecar (e.g.
+   Immich's pgvecto-rs→VectorChord DB image, Paperless's Gotenberg 7→8), a bundled-datastore
+   major, new/renamed env. **Validate the upgrade path on a disposable VM** (install the old
+   version → real data → upgrade → confirm the app migrates and comes up), not just a fresh
+   install.
+3. Bump the bundle version by **impact** (table above).
+4. Note breaking/migration steps in the package `README.md`.
+
+## Upgrade hazards
+
+Most apps migrate their own DB on boot, so a tag bump "just works" — but several patterns break a
+naive bump-to-latest. Until the structured metadata from
+[try-hola/hola#284](https://github.com/try-hola/hola/issues/284) ships (`breaking`,
+`minFromVersion`, `waypoints[]`, bundled-datastore `majorVersion`, `sidecarTransform`,
+`preUpgradeBackup`, …), capture these in the package **README** and reflect them in the bundle
+**major** number:
+
+- **Forward-only / no-downgrade** — once the app migrates the schema, rolling the image back boots
+  old code against a new schema (refuse-to-start or corruption). Rollback = restore a backup.
+- **No version skipping** — some projects forbid jumping (Nextcloud: one major at a time; Immich:
+  version floors + mandatory waypoints). Don't ship a bundle that lets a user skip the chain.
+- **Bundled-datastore major bump** — the official `postgres` image does **not** auto-migrate across
+  majors; a 16→17 tag bump on a populated volume **refuses to start**. Pin a bundled datastore's
+  major deliberately and treat a major change as a migration, not a tag bump. (Affects every app
+  that bundles its own Postgres — Immich, Postiz, …)
+- **Back up first** — because the above are largely irreversible, advise a backup (e.g. via the
+  `backrest` app) before a breaking upgrade.
+
+See [try-hola/hola#284](https://github.com/try-hola/hola/issues/284) for the full hazard taxonomy
+and the planned server-side enforcement (skip-guards, pre-upgrade snapshots, data-aware rollback,
+migration hooks).
+
+## Pre-publish checklist
+
+- [ ] `compose.yaml` images pinned (tag **+** digest for the project container).
+- [ ] `package.json` and `manifest.json` `version` match, bumped by **impact on the user**.
+- [ ] Upgrade path tested on a VM (not just fresh install) if the image moved.
+- [ ] Breaking/migration notes in the package `README.md`; breaking ⇒ **major** bump.