GH-40749: [Python][Packaging] Publish separate wheel debug symbols

[rok]

• Strip Linux wheel binaries with --strip-unneeded to reduce wheel size.
• Publish matching GNU debug symbols as separate platform-qualified archives.
• Add debug links and a GDB validation helper to preserve opt-in post-mortem debugging.
• Upload debug-symbol bundles alongside Linux wheel release artifacts.

[github-actions]

❌ GitHub issue apache#40749 could not be retrieved.

[rok]

From 🤖:
I tested a follow-up using --strip-unneeded with a separately published GNU debug-symbol bundle. On the 26.0.0.dev298 CPython 3.11 manylinux x86-64 wheel:

• Wheel before: 53.77 MB (53,769,087 bytes)
• Wheel after: 47.12 MB (47,119,810 bytes)
• Reduction: 6.65 MB / 12.4%
• Separate compressed debug-symbol bundle: 3.63 MB

I also manually (:robot:) validated the GDB backtrace: internal function names disappear from the stripped wheel alone and are restored when the matching debug-symbol bundle is installed.