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Displace RTs by the true admissibility boundary t - st, not by t - #359

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@EItanm1999 EItanm1999 commented Sep 20, 2026 •

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LogKDE's displace_t path shifts response times by metadata['t'] before fitting. For a model with trial-to-trial variability in non-decision time that is the wrong quantity: t is drawn per trial from Uniform(t - st, t + st), so no rt can fall below t - st, while real density fills the band [t - st, t]. Displacing by t puts the hard cutoff INSIDE the support, and the KDE floors that whole band.

The error is not smearing below the edge, which was the original hypothesis and turned out to be wrong - below the edge the KDE sits exactly at its floor by construction. It is the opposite sign, on the other side: just ABOVE the edge the KDE is floored where the truth is finite. At t - st + 0.02 the exact likelihood gives -22.89 and the KDE gives -66.77.

Measured against the exact ddm_st likelihood, 4 of 4 parameter sets: mean absolute error above the edge falls from 24.98 to 14.17 log units. Label-level A/B over 8 parameter sets: the fraction of labels sitting at the KDE floor falls from 5.897% to 3.912%; 49.59% of labels change at all but the median change is only 0.034 with a maximum of 67.74 - the fix rewrites a small fraction of labels dramatically (the un-floored band) and nudges the rest negligibly. A network trained on the corrected labels, scored against the exact likelihood over 12 parameter sets: median MAE 0.0362 -> 0.0259, mean 0.3548 -> 0.0356, worst 2.9515 -> 0.0984, better on 10 of 12. It is a tail fix, which is why it never showed up in aggregate training loss.

Two metadata shapes carry st and both are handled:

  • ddm_st / ddm_sz_st fold st into metadata['t_dist'], a functools.partial of uniform.rvs with loc=-st, so the boundary is t + loc.
  • full_ddm / full_ddm2 keep 'st' as a plain numeric metadata entry and emit no t_dist at all. Reading only t_dist is why full_ddm previously appeared unfixable.

Models with neither fall back to t, where the boundary genuinely is t, so behaviour for fixed-t models is unchanged.

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Summary by CodeRabbit

  • Bug Fixes

    • Improved handling of non-decision-time variability when displacing response-time distributions.
    • KDE calculations now use the correct admissibility boundary and retain valid density values across the affected response-time range.
    • Sampling now correctly produces response times above the adjusted boundary.
    • Preserved fallback behavior when variability metadata is unavailable.
    • Added clearer errors for ambiguous or malformed timing metadata.
  • Tests

    • Added coverage for metadata formats, boundary calculations, fallback behavior, validation errors, density, and sampling.

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📝 Walkthrough

Walkthrough

LogKDE now displaces response times by the recovered admissibility boundary, t - st. Boundary recovery supports numeric st, partial t_dist metadata, repeated values, fallback to t, and validation errors. Tests cover recovery, displacement, density, and sampling.

Changes

KDE boundary displacement

Layer / File(s) Summary
Boundary recovery helper
ssms/support_utils/kde_class.py, tests/test_kde_displace_boundary.py
The recovery logic uses numeric st or partial t_dist loc metadata. It accepts repeated values, returns t when variability metadata is absent, and raises ValueError for ambiguous or malformed metadata.
LogKDE displacement integration
ssms/support_utils/kde_class.py, tests/test_kde_displace_boundary.py
LogKDE uses the recovered boundary for displacement. Tests verify error propagation, valid density values between t - st and t, sampled response times above the recovered boundary, and non-finite metadata handling.

Priority: ➖ Normal

Estimated code review effort: 3 (Moderate) | ~20 minutes

Change: Bug fix

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Title check ✅ Passed The title clearly and concisely describes the main change: LogKDE now displaces response times by the true admissibility boundary t - st instead of t.
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In `@ssms/support_utils/kde_class.py`:
- Around line 83-88: Update the displace_t_val initialization around
_recover_admissibility_boundary so the float(t_vals[0]) fallback is used only
when both st and t_dist metadata are absent. Require exactly one unique numeric
boundary, and propagate ValueError for multiple st values, vector-valued
t_dist.keywords["loc"], or malformed metadata instead of selecting the first
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Comment thread ssms/support_utils/kde_class.py Resolved
@EItanm1999
EItanm1999 force-pushed the fix/kde-displace-admissibility-boundary branch from 0e3b886 to f29a53f Compare September 20, 2026 01:35

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In `@ssms/support_utils/kde_class.py`:
- Line 570: Update _unique_variability_value to reject non-finite values after
converting and deduplicating the inputs with np.unique: validate unique_vals
using np.isfinite and raise the same documented malformed-metadata ValueError
when any value is NaN or infinite, before the variability-count check.

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Comment thread ssms/support_utils/kde_class.py Resolved
@EItanm1999
EItanm1999 force-pushed the fix/kde-displace-admissibility-boundary branch from f29a53f to 784491a Compare September 20, 2026 02:24
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Inline comments:
In `@ssms/support_utils/kde_class.py`:
- Around line 616-620: Update the boundary-recovery validation around t_dist in
LogKDE to retrieve its keywords once and require that value to be a
collections.abc.Mapping, raising the existing ValueError for missing or
malformed metadata. Use the validated keywords mapping for the subsequent loc
lookup instead of accessing t_dist.keywords directly.

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Comment thread ssms/support_utils/kde_class.py Resolved
@EItanm1999
EItanm1999 force-pushed the fix/kde-displace-admissibility-boundary branch from 784491a to bf7ffdf Compare September 20, 2026 18:20
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In `@tests/test_kde_displace_boundary.py`:
- Line 252: Update the kde_sample call in the KDE sampling test to pass the
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Comment thread tests/test_kde_displace_boundary.py Resolved
LogKDE's displace_t path shifts response times by metadata['t'] before fitting.
For a model with trial-to-trial variability in non-decision time that is the
wrong quantity: t is drawn per trial from Uniform(t - st, t + st), so no rt can
fall below t - st, while real density fills the band [t - st, t]. Displacing by t
puts the hard cutoff INSIDE the support, and the KDE floors that whole band.

The error is not smearing below the edge, which was the original hypothesis and
turned out to be wrong - below the edge the KDE sits exactly at its floor by
construction. It is the opposite sign, on the other side: just ABOVE the edge the
KDE is floored where the truth is finite. At t - st + 0.02 the exact likelihood
gives -22.89 and the KDE gives -66.77.

Measured against the exact ddm_st likelihood, 4 of 4 parameter sets: mean
absolute error above the edge falls from 24.98 to 14.17 log units. Label-level
A/B over 8 parameter sets: the fraction of labels sitting at the KDE floor falls
from 5.897% to 3.912%; 49.59% of labels change at all but the median change is
only 0.034 with a maximum of 67.74 - the fix rewrites a small fraction of labels
dramatically (the un-floored band) and nudges the rest negligibly. A network
trained on the corrected labels, scored against the exact likelihood over 12
parameter sets: median MAE 0.0362 -> 0.0259, mean 0.3548 -> 0.0356, worst
2.9515 -> 0.0984, better on 10 of 12. It is a tail fix, which is why it never
showed up in aggregate training loss.

Two metadata shapes carry st and both are handled:
  * ddm_st / ddm_sz_st fold st into metadata['t_dist'], a functools.partial of
    uniform.rvs with loc=-st, so the boundary is t + loc.
  * full_ddm / full_ddm2 keep 'st' as a plain numeric metadata entry and emit no
    t_dist at all.
Reading only t_dist is why full_ddm previously appeared unfixable.

Models with neither fall back to t, where the boundary genuinely is t, so
behaviour for fixed-t models is unchanged.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
@EItanm1999
EItanm1999 force-pushed the fix/kde-displace-admissibility-boundary branch from bf7ffdf to 8bead47 Compare September 21, 2026 01:47
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AlexanderFengler pushed a commit that referenced this pull request Oct 7, 2026
This is the config part of #361 (890c8e9), split off so that the model
can be released without #359, which that branch is stacked on and which
is not ready.

ddm_normal_st draws ndt ~ Normal(t, st), so st is a standard deviation,
against the uniform half-width that ddm_st means by the same parameter.
Parameters, order, bounds and simulator machinery are ddm_st's; only the
kernel differs. The model joins KDE_NO_DISPLACE_T like the other
ndt-variability models.

The kernel is unbounded, so it emits rt <= 0 by design (about 9% of
samples at the box corner t=0.25, st=0.25, a=0.3). KDE label generation
therefore needs the non-positive-RT filter of #349, which this commit
sits on.

Left out of 890c8e9:
- The Normal branch of _recover_admissibility_boundary in kde_class.py
  and its three tests. The helper only exists after #359, so they belong
  with that PR.
- The ddm_uniform_st alias of ddm_st (config function, registry entry,
  KDE_NO_DISPLACE_T entry and test). The name of the uniform model is
  being settled separately, and an alias can be added later without
  breaking anything.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com>
AlexanderFengler pushed a commit that referenced this pull request Oct 7, 2026
This is the config part of #361 (890c8e9), split off so that the model
can be released without #359, which that branch is stacked on and which
is not ready.

ddm_normal_st draws ndt ~ Normal(t, st), so st is a standard deviation,
against the uniform half-width that ddm_st means by the same parameter.
Parameters, order, bounds and simulator machinery are ddm_st's; only the
kernel differs. The model joins KDE_NO_DISPLACE_T like the other
ndt-variability models.

The kernel is unbounded, so it emits rt <= 0 by design (about 9% of
samples at the box corner t=0.25, st=0.25, a=0.3). KDE label generation
therefore needs the non-positive-RT filter of #349, which this commit
sits on.

Left out of 890c8e9:
- The Normal branch of _recover_admissibility_boundary in kde_class.py
  and its three tests. The helper only exists after #359, so they belong
  with that PR.
- The ddm_uniform_st alias of ddm_st (config function, registry entry,
  KDE_NO_DISPLACE_T entry and test). The name of the uniform model is
  being settled separately, and an alias can be added later without
  breaking anything.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com>
AlexanderFengler added a commit that referenced this pull request Oct 7, 2026
LogKDE(displace_t=True) shifts every RT by t and floors the labels of
anything that lands at or below zero. For the models in KDE_NO_DISPLACE_T
and those declaring ndt_edge_shift that puts the cutoff inside the
response-time support: a uniform st kernel starts at t - st, and the
Normal, truncated-Normal and Rayleigh kernels have no edge at t at all.
TrainingDataGenerator already overrides displace_t to False for them, so
the pipeline was never affected; a direct LogKDE caller got flat labels
in the band below t without a word.

LogKDE now resolves the model from metadata["model"] (a _deadline suffix
stripped, as lan_mlp does) and raises a ValueError naming the model when
its config declares ndt_edge_shift or its name is in KDE_NO_DISPLACE_T.
An unregistered name is refused when the metadata carries a non-zero st.
Every other model keeps the shift by t unchanged.

This replaces #359 by EItanm1999, which recovered the boundary from the
simulator metadata instead: t - st for the uniform kernels, which was
right, and t + t_dist.keywords["loc"] otherwise, which for ddm_truncnormt
is the kernel's centre rather than its edge at 0 and collapsed the
labels. Since the generator never displaces these models, the honest
behaviour for direct callers is an error pointing at displace_t=False.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com>
@AlexanderFengler

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Thanks for finding this, and for measuring it. You were right on both counts: t - st is where the response-time support starts for the uniform-st kernels, and on 0.14.0 LogKDE(displace_t=True) on ddm_st really was broken: a choice with any simulated RT below t got a NaN bandwidth and a flat label, and otherwise the whole band [t - st, t] was floored.

What shipped is a guard rather than the boundary recovery. #375 (you are credited in the commit and the PR body) makes LogKDE(displace_t=True) raise a ValueError naming the model and pointing at displace_t=False whenever the model's config declares ndt_edge_shift (#370: ddm_st, full_ddm/full_ddm2, full_ddm_rv) or is in KDE_NO_DISPLACE_T (ddm_normal_st, ddm_truncnormt, ddm_rayleight; a _deadline suffix is stripped first). An unregistered model name is refused when the metadata carries a non-zero st. Every other model keeps the shift by t, byte for byte. #375 merged on 2026-10-07 (bad4d5c + b8c8a56) and closed this PR with it; it is in ssm-simulators 0.15.0 (v0.15.0, released 2026-10-08).

Why a guard, for the record:

  • ddm_truncnormt regressed. _recover_admissibility_boundary takes t_dist.keywords["loc"] as the lower support edge of any kernel. For ddm_truncnormt (t = 0 fixed, truncnorm(a=-mt/st, loc=mt, scale=st)), loc is the kernel's centre and the edge is 0: on main displace_t=True shifted by 0, which was correct; with this branch it shifted by mt, every RT in [0, mt] went negative and the KDE collapsed to no_base_data. No test covered a non-uniform kernel (test_boundary_offsets_by_the_t_dist_loc_keyword uses uniform.rvs, where loc is the edge).
  • The path it fixes is one no default caller takes. Every model whose boundary the branch changes is in KDE_NO_DISPLACE_T or declares ndt_edge_shift, so TrainingDataGenerator warns and overrides displace_t to False for it, the CLI never sets displace_t, and LAN_pipeline_minimal sets only ESTIMATOR: TYPE: kde. Generator labels are identical between main and this branch; only direct LogKDE(displace_t=True) callers are reached. Measured against displace_t=False, which is what the pipeline uses, displacing by t - st buys about 6% in bulk MAE (0.032 to 0.030, mean over four ddm_st parameter sets at 100k samples) and makes the labels in [t - st, t] clearly worse (band MAE 4.9 to 13.6), so there was no case for moving these models off displace_t=False. The before/after numbers in the PR body compare against "shift by t", not against that baseline.

Since the generator never displaces these models, an explicit error for direct callers is the honest behaviour, and it keys on the config's declaration rather than on introspecting t_dist.

Open question

AlexanderFengler pushed a commit that referenced this pull request Oct 8, 2026
This is the config part of #361 (890c8e9), split off so that the model
can be released without #359, which that branch is stacked on and which
is not ready.

ddm_normal_st draws ndt ~ Normal(t, st), so st is a standard deviation,
against the uniform half-width that ddm_st means by the same parameter.
Parameters, order, bounds and simulator machinery are ddm_st's; only the
kernel differs. The model joins KDE_NO_DISPLACE_T like the other
ndt-variability models.

The kernel is unbounded, so it emits rt <= 0 by design (about 9% of
samples at the box corner t=0.25, st=0.25, a=0.3). KDE label generation
therefore needs the non-positive-RT filter of #349, which this commit
sits on.

Left out of 890c8e9:
- The Normal branch of _recover_admissibility_boundary in kde_class.py
  and its three tests. The helper only exists after #359, so they belong
  with that PR.
- The ddm_uniform_st alias of ddm_st (config function, registry entry,
  KDE_NO_DISPLACE_T entry and test). The name of the uniform model is
  being settled separately, and an alias can be added later without
  breaking anything.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com>
AlexanderFengler added a commit that referenced this pull request Oct 8, 2026
LogKDE(displace_t=True) shifts every RT by t and floors the labels of
anything that lands at or below zero. For the models in KDE_NO_DISPLACE_T
and those declaring ndt_edge_shift that puts the cutoff inside the
response-time support: a uniform st kernel starts at t - st, and the
Normal, truncated-Normal and Rayleigh kernels have no edge at t at all.
TrainingDataGenerator already overrides displace_t to False for them, so
the pipeline was never affected; a direct LogKDE caller got flat labels
in the band below t without a word.

LogKDE now resolves the model from metadata["model"] (a _deadline suffix
stripped, as lan_mlp does) and raises a ValueError naming the model when
its config declares ndt_edge_shift or its name is in KDE_NO_DISPLACE_T.
An unregistered name is refused when the metadata carries a non-zero st.
Every other model keeps the shift by t unchanged.

This replaces #359 by EItanm1999, which recovered the boundary from the
simulator metadata instead: t - st for the uniform kernels, which was
right, and t + t_dist.keywords["loc"] otherwise, which for ddm_truncnormt
is the kernel's centre rather than its edge at 0 and collapsed the
labels. Since the generator never displaces these models, the honest
behaviour for direct callers is an error pointing at displace_t=False.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com>
AlexanderFengler added a commit that referenced this pull request Oct 9, 2026
* Add forward race simulation utilities

* Address race simulation review feedback

* Fix race simulator boundary validation

* test: define generic observation result contract

* feat: validate native observation results

* docs: specify structured observation results

* fix: validate categorical labels against observation dtype

* docs: require representable categorical labels

* test: define every legacy singleton-axis projection

* feat: normalize legacy results without inference

* docs: migrate consumers without changing defaults

* test: expose legacy omission authority

* fix: make legacy omission authority explicit

* docs: require explicit legacy omission authority

* Simplify legacy observation projection

* test: focus legacy projection evidence

* test: preserve projection boundary parity

* docs: tighten legacy projection guidance

* test: preserve normalized result invariants

* build(docs): consolidate simulator documentation dependencies

* build(docs): add the standard simulator docs entry point

* ci(docs): adopt shared artifact deployment

* docs: update simulator documentation ownership

* ci(docs): vendor the reusable workflow locally

* fix(docs): repair rendered tutorial links

* docs: align the site legal notice

* docs: consolidate the HSSM RLSSM handoff

* docs: align guides with their documentation genres

* docs: complete the public API reference

* docs: preserve API reference compatibility

* docs: align RLSSM handoff initialization

* chore: ignore generated .cursor/ and .agents/ directories

HSSMSpine's sync_agent_config.py materializes these into every ecosystem
repo on each launch, but only the spine gitignored them. That left every
repo one 'git add -A' away from committing generated editor config -- which
just happened on lnccbrown/HSSM#1248, where the swept-in files also leaked
local worktree paths.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* feat: add angle_extended, an angle variant with drift on (-6, 6)

A collaborator needs `angle` fitted to data whose drift runs past the current
+/-3 box. The simulator already handles it -- `cssm.ddm_flexbound` with the
`angle` boundary does not care how large v is -- so this is a config, not new
machinery.

It is a separate model rather than wider bounds on `angle` because the
published angle.onnx was trained on (-3, 3). Widening the declared bounds
without retraining would let a sampler explore where the network never learned,
and that fails silently: no error, just a wrong likelihood. A separate model
earns a separate network and leaves `angle` and its artifact untouched.

Naming follows `shrink_spot_extended`, the registry's only other bounds-only
variant. Not `angle_drift_ext`: in this codebase `drift` names a drift
FUNCTION -- base.py carries a drift_config registry, and `gamma_drift` is
called that because its drift_name IS gamma_drift -- so a name of that shape
would read as "angle with a custom drift function", which is exactly what this
is not.

The tests assert the RELATIONSHIP rather than just the shape, because two
configs silently diverging is the failure mode a bounds-only variant actually
has: only `name` and the bounds may differ, only v's bounds may have moved, and
only outward. They also pin `name` == the registry key, which
`get_shrink_spot_extended_config` gets wrong -- it names itself "shrink_spot" --
so the precedent's bug is not inherited. And they check the new range does
something rather than merely not crashing: past +/-3 the choice follows the
sign of v and RTs stay short, which is the region worth having a network for.

Measured while validating, and relevant to whoever trains that network: 55.3%
of uniform draws from this box produce one-sided data, against 32.3% for
`angle`, and RT dispersion falls from sd 0.250 at v=1 to 0.059 at v=6.

Validation per the add-ssm-model skill: config loads, counts consistent, bounds
ordered, defaults inside, simulator runs on defaults and on random draws from
the full box. 1189 passed, 123 skipped.

* docs: say which registry APIs are for reading and which path is for authoring

CodeRabbit reviewed the angle_extended config and asked for the boundary to be
resolved through `get_boundary_registry()` and the model registered through
`get_model_registry()`, citing this file's Config Registry System section.

That would have been wrong -- zero of the 24 modules under _modelconfig/ use
those APIs, 22 of 24 name `bf.<fn>` directly, and model_registry.py:357-367
builds the registry FROM the static configs dict at import, with a comment
saying so. Registering through the registry would bypass the source it derives
from, and `ssms.config.model_config` reads from `get_model_config()`, so the
model would be missing there.

But the section invited the reading. It lists five ways to reach a config under
a heading about registration, without saying they are for consumers -- so a
reviewer generalising from it lands exactly where CodeRabbit landed, and would
land there again on the next model. One paragraph now separates reading a
config from authoring one, and points at the add-ssm-model skill.

No code change; angle_extended is already reachable through
get_model_registry() and present in ssms.config.model_config, which is the
outcome the review was asking for.

* fix: mask omissions on rts, not on choices

The simulator marks a trial that ran past its deadline by writing -999.0 into
`rts` and leaving the latent choice alone. Two of the auxiliary labels masked
on `choices` instead, where the sentinel never appears, so the mask matched
nothing:

  omission_p          = P(choices == SENTINEL)  ->  0.0, always
  choice_p_no_omission masked on choices        ->  excluded nothing

Measured before the fix, on the shipped deadline models at deadline 0.8:

    model                       true omission rate    omission_p as recorded
    ddm_deadline                            0.3511                    0.0000
    angle_deadline                          0.3511                    0.0000
    gamma_drift_deadline                    0.5429                    0.0000
    gamma_drift_angle_deadline              0.5429                    0.0000

The consequence is worth stating plainly, because it is not a cosmetic
mislabel: an OPN is trained on `omission_p`, so a deadline data-generation
campaign -- around 6,500 core-hours per model -- would have produced a network
trained against a constant zero. Nothing downstream would have failed loudly;
the network would simply have been useless.

`nogo_p` was already correct because it tested `rts` as well as `choices`, and
that inconsistency between neighbouring lines is what made the defect visible.
The three now share one `omitted` mask so they cannot drift apart again.

Tests cover the premise (the simulator marks rts and not choices -- a
regression here means the mask must be revisited), that omission_p tracks the
real rate on three deadline models, that choice_p_no_omission now excludes what
it claims to and differs from the all-trials version, and that nogo_p equals
P(wrong choice, responded) + P(omitted) -- the identity the derived-network
work depends on.

1197 passed, 123 skipped.

* Prepare ssm-simulators 0.14.0 release

* Refresh uv.lock for the 0.14.0 version bump

The lockfile records the project's own version, and docs CI syncs with
--locked; first release since that workflow exists, so #305 never hit this.
One-line diff: ssm-simulators 0.13.2 -> 0.14.0, no dependency changes.

* build(deps): bump pypa/cibuildwheel from 4.1.0 to 4.2.0

Bumps [pypa/cibuildwheel](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel) from 4.1.0 to 4.2.0.
- [Release notes](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/releases)
- [Changelog](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/blob/main/docs/changelog.md)
- [Commits](pypa/cibuildwheel@v4.1.0...v4.2.0)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: pypa/cibuildwheel
  dependency-version: 4.2.0
  dependency-type: direct:production
  update-type: version-update:semver-minor
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>

* Filter non-positive RTs before KDE bandwidth estimation

A genuinely negative or zero RT - real and expected for models whose
non-decision-time kernel has unbounded support (e.g. a Normal(t, st)
kernel), and distinct from the omission sentinel - produces
log(non-positive) = NaN in the log-RT array. A single NaN poisons
np.std() over the entire choice group inside bandwidth_silverman, which
then fails the 'bandwidth > 0' check and silently discards the whole
group as 'no_base_data'. Measured directly: 1 negative RT out of 198,865
samples collapsed its entire choice group, flattening that group's
density to a theta-independent floor in the training labels.

Extend the validity mask to require rt > 0 and finite log(rt), applied
to the final (possibly displace_t-shifted) RTs.

- The mask stays after the log rather than at it: with displace_t,
  measured 10 of 200 strictly-positive input RTs become non-positive
  only after the shift, so an earlier-only mask misses them. The
  RuntimeWarning from the earlier log is left unsuppressed - it reports
  real data.
- All three mask terms are load-bearing, measured over 2M draws at the
  displace_t boundary: 3 cases where rt - t > 0 but the log path
  underflows to -inf (caught only by isfinite) and 1 in the reverse
  direction (caught only by rt > 0); rt = +inf is caught only by
  isfinite. != filter_rts is kept because filter_rts is a documented
  parameter and rt > 0 subsumes it only for negative sentinels.
- No input existed for which the old code produced a finite bandwidth
  that this changes: contamination always forced no_base_data. Verified
  byte-identical (float hex) bandwidths and log_rts for clean data
  across ddm, ddm_st, full_ddm and ddm_sdv, at n=200 and n=5000.
- Filtering can now leave a choice group with a single sample, where
  bandwidth_silverman returns its std_n_1 fallback of ~10.59 instead of
  collapsing. That is an improvement on a flat fallback but not a
  meaningful bandwidth, so it is documented on the class and pinned by a
  test. Raising the len(log_rts) == 0 floor to < 2 would also change
  pre-existing n=1 behavior and is left as a separate change.
- Retention contract, the pre-filter basis of choice_proportions, and
  the n=1 limitation are now in the LogKDE class docstring, which is
  what the API docs render; the stale caller-precondition sentence in
  the kde_class tutorial is corrected.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* test: cover the post-shift mask and the isfinite term of the KDE RT filter

The filter's two design choices were untested: all three tests used
displace_t=False with a single negative RT, so applying the mask before
the displace_t shift, or dropping the isfinite term, left them green.

Parametrize the choice-group test over displace_t (t = 0.4 puts 11 of the
199 positive RTs at or below t, so they turn non-positive only after the
shift), over rt in {-0.5, 0, +inf} and over rts-only and log_rts-only
input, and pin the number of retained samples. Masking before the shift
now fails the 6 displace_t cases and dropping isfinite fails the 4
rt = +inf cases; all 12 fail on main's kde_class.py.

The test is renamed because +inf is not a non-positive RT.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* docs: say that LogKDE's pre-filter choice_proportions are intentional

The class docstring states that choice_proportions still count the samples
the RT filter drops, but not whether that is by design. It is: omitted
trials keep their choice label and have always been counted the same way,
in the proportion but not in the density. Saying so keeps the next reader
from "fixing" the basis in passing; it changes the mass of the KDE
training labels and should only be changed on purpose.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* Pin the trial-to-trial variability draws to random_state

- set_seed seeds C's srand and a module-level NumPy Generator, but the
  *_dist simulator param mappings (e.g. ddm_st's t_dist =
  partial(sps.uniform.rvs, ...)) are scipy calls with no explicit
  random_state, so scipy drew them from NumPy's legacy global RNG, which
  nothing seeded. Two simulator() calls with the same random_state
  returned different data for every model carrying sv, sz or st, while
  plain ddm - which has no *_dist - stayed reproducible, hiding the gap.
  Any "same data across arms" comparison relying on random_state alone
  was not actually holding the data fixed.
- Fix: bind those partials to a Generator derived from random_state,
  after adapt_parameters, so the draws are pinned without touching
  process-global state. Verified that np.random's stream position and
  its next draws are unchanged across seeded simulator() calls, and that
  reproducibility holds while the global stream is being consumed
  between calls.
- Only integer seeds participate; any other random_state object passes
  through and fails where it already failed (the Cython layer requires
  an integer). The modulo keeps the validated negative-seed range inside
  default_rng's domain without changing that pre-existing failure point.
- Regression test folded into the existing random_state block in
  tests/test_simulator.py, over ddm, ddm_st, full_ddm_rv and ddm_sdv. It
  fails for the three variability models without the fix and passes with
  it, and it also asserts that a call leaves NumPy's global RNG state
  byte-identical, which a global reseed or a global draw would not - so it
  pins where the draws come from, not only that they repeat. full_ddm is deliberately not used: it has no *_dist mappings and
  draws sz/sv/st internally from the generator set_seed already seeds,
  so it cannot exercise this path.
- Alternatives considered: reseeding np.random globally inside
  simulator() (rejected - mutates process-global state for callers who
  did not ask for it), and adding the legacy seed inside set_seed itself
  (one line, and broader since sequential_models.pyx has the same bare
  np.random.* pattern, but it needs a Cython rebuild and widens the
  contract for every direct cssm caller). The sequential_models.pyx gap
  is left as a separate issue.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

- Binding is restricted to callables that accept random_state: a model config
  may map a parameter to any callable, and one that does not take the keyword
  would otherwise raise on the simulator call. scipy's rvs qualifies through
  **kwds.
- The regression test snapshots and restores NumPy's global RNG state, so its
  deliberate consumption of that stream cannot make later tests order-dependent.

- A positional-only random_state does not count as accepting the keyword: the
  value would be diverted into **kwargs while the parameter kept its default,
  or raise. A test pins both the exclusion and that divert-and-keep-default
  behaviour.

- A distribution that already binds its own random_state is left alone rather
  than rebound, so a caller's deliberate per-distribution seeding survives; the
  docstring says so, since such draws follow that generator, not the seed.

* fix: draw trial-to-trial variability from a child stream of the seed

The variability generator was default_rng(seed), and the Cython layer
seeds its own generator with default_rng(seed) as well, so both replayed
one PCG64 stream: the sv/sz/st draws reused the words behind the
diffusion noise. Spawn a child of the seed instead, which is independent
of the C-level generator. default_rng([seed, 1]) is avoided because it
aliases default_rng(seed + 2**32).

The comment no longer calls the modulo load-bearing: it only keeps
negative seeds inside SeedSequence's domain.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* fix: pin variability draws in Simulator.simulate as well

Simulator.simulate duplicates simulator()'s preprocessing but had no
binding step, so same-seed calls through the class API still drew
sv/sz/st from NumPy's global RNG. That is the recommended entry point,
and the one the training-data pipeline seeds.

Move the binding into one helper shared by both entry points. Each calls
it once theta is final: in the class that is after the custom
adaptations, which may still replace a *_dist entry.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* test: route the pre-bound random_state test through simulator()

test_bound_random_state_is_not_overridden only inspected a
functools.partial and never called simulator(), so it kept passing with
the "already bound" check removed. Feed a pre-bound t_dist through
simulator() and assert that the caller's generator was the one consumed.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* test: cover the unreadable-signature branch of _accepts_random_state

codecov/patch flagged the `except (TypeError, ValueError)` branch as
never exercised. A callable whose __signature__ is not a Signature makes
inspect.signature raise, on every supported Python, and must be left
unbound.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* test: pin the binding to run after the custom adaptations

Simulator.simulate has to bind once theta is final. A parameter
adaptation may still put a *_dist entry into theta, and with the binding
ahead of the custom adaptations that entry would draw from NumPy's
global RNG again, while the per-model regression test keeps passing.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* feat: add ddm_normal_st, a DDM with a Normal non-decision-time kernel

This is the config part of #361 (890c8e9), split off so that the model
can be released without #359, which that branch is stacked on and which
is not ready.

ddm_normal_st draws ndt ~ Normal(t, st), so st is a standard deviation,
against the uniform half-width that ddm_st means by the same parameter.
Parameters, order, bounds and simulator machinery are ddm_st's; only the
kernel differs. The model joins KDE_NO_DISPLACE_T like the other
ndt-variability models.

The kernel is unbounded, so it emits rt <= 0 by design (about 9% of
samples at the box corner t=0.25, st=0.25, a=0.3). KDE label generation
therefore needs the non-positive-RT filter of #349, which this commit
sits on.

Left out of 890c8e9:
- The Normal branch of _recover_admissibility_boundary in kde_class.py
  and its three tests. The helper only exists after #359, so they belong
  with that PR.
- The ddm_uniform_st alias of ddm_st (config function, registry entry,
  KDE_NO_DISPLACE_T entry and test). The name of the uniform model is
  being settled separately, and an alias can be added later without
  breaking anything.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* test: LogKDE keeps both choice groups of ddm_normal_st at the box corner

At t=0.25, st=0.25, a=0.3 about 9% of ddm_normal_st's RTs are
non-positive. Without the non-positive-RT filter of #349, one such RT
turns its whole choice group into "no_base_data" and its labels into a
constant, on the displace_t=False path the generator takes for this
model. The test fails when kde_class.py is restored to main's version,
so it pins the model's dependency on that filter.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* feat(config): declare the response-time support edge for the uniform-st models

HSSM (lnccbrown/HSSM#1292, #1358) reads where a model's response-time
support starts from the per-model config, and ssms owns that fact: its own
KDE label estimator needs it, and HSSM mirrors ssms configs for LAN models.
ddm_st, full_ddm (and its alias full_ddm2) and full_ddm_rv draw the
non-decision time as t + U(-st, st), so their RTs start at t - st. Every
other model's support starts at t and declares nothing.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* feat(config): validate and carry ndt_edge_shift through the builder

A malformed declaration would silently mislead HSSM's likelihood floor and
the KDE estimator, so check its shape once (a dict with exactly param and
scale, both param and t in params, a finite non-negative scale) in one
helper shared by ModelConfigBuilder.validate_config and the import-time
registry check, and let from_scratch keep the key like the other optional
fields.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* test(config): cover the ndt_edge_shift declaration and its plumbing

Check the declarations against the simulators (min(rt) >= t - scale * param
on several parameter sets, and RTs below t at the corner so the declaration
is not vacuous), that undeclared models start at t, that declaring models
stay in KDE_NO_DISPLACE_T, and that the builder and validators carry and
police the key.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* docs: document the ndt_edge_shift model-config key

Add the key to the places that list the model-config fields for users: the
configs tutorial, the contributing guide's Level 1 example notes, and the
add-ssm-model skill.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* test(config): pin the declared edge scale and check it is tight

min(rt) >= t - scale * st holds for any scale that is too large, so a
declaration twice the true shift passed every test. Pin the shipped value
for each declaring model, and check at the a-lower corner that the fastest
RTs fall below t - scale * st / 2, which they only do (by about 0.1 s)
when the scale is right.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* test(config): cover the ndt_edge_shift registry hook

get_invalid_ndt_edge_shift_configs was tested on its own, but the call
from _validate_configs() could be dropped without a test noticing. Swap
in a one-config registry whose only fault is the declaration and check
the import-time validator raises on it.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* test(config): prove non-vacuity at the a-lower corner only

At the plain corner (t at its lower bound, st at its upper bound, the
rest mid-box) only a handful of the 3000 simulated RTs fall below t, and
the count depends on the RNG stream, so the assertion could flake. The
a-lower corner puts hundreds below t and is the one that matters.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* docs: add the ndt_edge_shift checkbox to the model-validation checklist

The skill's field table documents the key; its checklist did not remind
an author to declare it when the non-decision time varies per trial.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* docs: say when not to declare ndt_edge_shift

"Absent means RTs start at t" was wrong for kernels with no lower edge
(ddm_normal_st, now on main) and for models without a t parameter; absence
only means that no finite edge below t is declared. The docs now say so,
list the cases where the key must be left out, state the scale convention
(1.0 for a half-width), and tell a model author to add declaring and
unbounded models to KDE_NO_DISPLACE_T.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* docs: say when not to declare ndt_edge_shift, all remaining sites

The previous commit reached only the validator docstring. This one covers
the builder docstrings, the add-ssm-model skill and its checklist, the
contributing guide, the config tutorial and the test-file docstrings:
absence means no finite edge below t is declared; leave the key out for
models without a t parameter, for kernels with no lower edge
(ddm_normal_st) and for edges not of the form t - scale * param; and add
declaring and unbounded models to KDE_NO_DISPLACE_T.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* Prepare ssm-simulators 0.15.0 release

Minor bump: ddm_normal_st is a new model, and the seeded variability
streams (#348) change seeded outputs for the full_ddm_rv-based models.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* Refresh uv.lock for the 0.15.0 version bump

The lockfile records the project's own version, and docs CI syncs with
--locked. Plain `uv lock` on 273c5f9 moved nothing else: one-line diff,
ssm-simulators 0.14.0 -> 0.15.0, no dependency changes.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* build(deps): bump pypa/cibuildwheel from 4.2.0 to 4.2.1

Bumps [pypa/cibuildwheel](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel) from 4.2.0 to 4.2.1.
- [Release notes](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/releases)
- [Changelog](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/blob/main/docs/changelog.md)
- [Commits](pypa/cibuildwheel@v4.2.0...v4.2.1)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: pypa/cibuildwheel
  dependency-version: 4.2.1
  dependency-type: direct:production
  update-type: version-update:semver-patch
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>

* build(deps): bump actions/deploy-pages from 5.0.0 to 5.0.1

Bumps [actions/deploy-pages](https://github.com/actions/deploy-pages) from 5.0.0 to 5.0.1.
- [Release notes](https://github.com/actions/deploy-pages/releases)
- [Commits](actions/deploy-pages@cd2ce8f...368f825)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: actions/deploy-pages
  dependency-version: 5.0.1
  dependency-type: direct:production
  update-type: version-update:semver-patch
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>

* Stop tracking uv.lock

A lockfile never reaches users of a published library; it only pinned the
dev/CI environment, and CI did not enforce it (uv sync without --frozen
re-resolves whenever pyproject.toml changes). HSSM and LANfactory already
resolve fresh, which is what surfaces upstream breakage early. Dropping it
removes the lock-refresh commit from every version bump.

Also: scripts/docs.sh no longer passes --locked, the docs workflow no
longer triggers on the lockfile, and the uv rule and CLAUDE.md say that
pyproject.toml is the source of truth.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* test(rl): build the non-numeric frames explicitly for pandas 3

Two data-validation tests assigned a string into an int64/float64 column
and relied on pandas upcasting it to object. pandas 3 raises
LossySetitemError instead, so the tests failed before reaching the
validator. Cast the column to object first; the validator's own dtype
report is what the tests check.

The lockfile had pinned pandas 2.3.3; resolving fresh is what surfaced
this.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* fix(kde): refuse displace_t for models whose RTs start below t

LogKDE(displace_t=True) shifts every RT by t and floors the labels of
anything that lands at or below zero. For the models in KDE_NO_DISPLACE_T
and those declaring ndt_edge_shift that puts the cutoff inside the
response-time support: a uniform st kernel starts at t - st, and the
Normal, truncated-Normal and Rayleigh kernels have no edge at t at all.
TrainingDataGenerator already overrides displace_t to False for them, so
the pipeline was never affected; a direct LogKDE caller got flat labels
in the band below t without a word.

LogKDE now resolves the model from metadata["model"] (a _deadline suffix
stripped, as lan_mlp does) and raises a ValueError naming the model when
its config declares ndt_edge_shift or its name is in KDE_NO_DISPLACE_T.
An unregistered name is refused when the metadata carries a non-zero st.
Every other model keeps the shift by t unchanged.

This replaces #359 by EItanm1999, which recovered the boundary from the
simulator metadata instead: t - st for the uniform kernels, which was
right, and t + t_dist.keywords["loc"] otherwise, which for ddm_truncnormt
is the kernel's centre rather than its edge at 0 and collapsed the
labels. Since the generator never displaces these models, the honest
behaviour for direct callers is an error pointing at displace_t=False.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* test(kde): cover the displace_t guard

Every KDE_NO_DISPLACE_T model (plus full_ddm2, whose config name differs
from its key) is refused at displace_t=True with the model named and
still builds at displace_t=False. ddm, ddm_sdv and angle keep the plain
shift by the metadata t, pinned against the label formula. An
unregistered model is judged by its st, and a _deadline name is looked
up by its base model.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* Give each generated file its own theta block and pin the sampling order

Two independent defects made multi-file LAN training sets far smaller than
their nominal size. Both were introduced together in 57389be ("big refactor
of training data generators to improve modularity", PR #247, 2026-01-02) and
are present in every release from v0.12.0-beta.1 through v0.14.0.

1. `AbstractParameterSampler._topological_sort` walked `self._dependency_graph`,
   a dict whose insertion order was seeded at `_build_dependency_graph` by
   `all_params = set(self.param_space.keys())`. Python randomises string
   hashing per interpreter, so the sampling order -- and therefore which
   parameter receives which draw from the sequentially consumed RNG in
   `sample()` -- differed between processes. Same seed, same numbers, different
   parameters. Verified: for a full_ddm-shaped space the order is
   `v,a,sv,t,st,z,sz` at PYTHONHASHSEED=0 and `a,v,sv,t,st,z,sz` at
   PYTHONHASHSEED=2. Fixed by traversing `param_space` insertion order first,
   then any dependency-only names sorted, and by sorting the adjacency sets.
   Topological validity is unchanged.

2. `SimulationPipeline.generate_for_parameter_set` used the theta INDEX
   directly as the parameter-RNG seed, and every caller supplied
   `range(0, n_parameter_sets)`. Two consequences:
     - `ssms generate --n-files N` loops `generate_data_training(save=True)` N
       times in ONE process (ssms/cli/generate.py), so the N files carry N
       identical theta sets. Reproduced: two calls on a 4-theta full_ddm config
       share 4 of 4 theta rows.
     - one SLURM array task per output file gives files that are coordinate
       permutations of a single theta set, by defect 1.
   Fixed with a `parameter_sampler_index_offset` read from `generator_config`
   (set it to `task_id * n_parameter_sets` for array jobs) plus a per-generator
   cursor in `TrainingDataGenerator` that advances by `n_parameter_sets` on
   every call, so repeated in-process calls consume disjoint index blocks.

Together the two mean that files which look distinct recycle one pool of rows,
each file assigning that pool's per-index numbers to a different parameter --
so the design acquires cross-axis structure it was never meant to have, while
every margin stays uniform and nothing errors.

Measured effect on a 10-file x 5000-theta ddm_sz set generated with the
pre-fix code: ~20k distinct values per axis out of 50k rows, and a union
centred L2 discrepancy of 1.7e-4 against 2.2e-5 for 50k i.i.d. points -- the
union is 5000 distinct unit points, not 50,000. On a 10-file x 5000-theta
ddm_sdv set, ten files nominally drew 250,000 unit values and delivered
25,408; file 1's `v` column is file 0's `a` column, and files 2 and 7 share a
permutation exactly.

Regression coverage: tests/test_parameter_sampling_determinism.py asserts
sampling-order stability across PYTHONHASHSEED values in separate subprocesses,
identical thetas for equal offsets, disjoint thetas (row-wise and per-axis) for
distinct offsets, and disjoint thetas across two `generate_data_training()`
calls. All four need more than one process or more than one call, which is why
the existing single-process tests passed.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* fix(datagen): apply the theta-index offset once, in the generator

The offset introduced by the previous commit could only come from the
YAML, and LAN_pipeline_minimal runs one YAML for every SLURM array task.
With the sampling order now pinned and the offset defaulting to 0, every
array task would have written the SAME theta block -- the KDE path going
from permuted copies of one block to exact copies. Two further problems
sat next to it: each concrete pipeline read the offset itself, so a
custom DataGenerationPipelineProtocol got the cursor but never the
offset, and the documented array formula task_id * n_parameter_sets
collides as soon as a task writes a second file.

TrainingDataGenerator now owns the whole index line. When the config
gives no parameter_sampler_index_offset it draws a 62-bit base from OS
entropy once per instance (wide enough that independently drawn blocks
never overlap, narrow enough that base + block survives YAML, JSON,
MLflow and int64 unchanged); an explicit offset is used as given. Base
and cursor are added before the index is handed to the pipeline, so
pipelines -- custom ones included -- receive final indices and the
per-pipeline reads are gone. Every output file records its own first
index under generator_config["pipeline"]["parameter_sampler_index_offset"],
so a run started without an offset can be audited and any single file
regenerated by passing the recorded value back. The config helper
returns None for "absent" (an explicit 0 must stay 0) and rejects
negative offsets, which cannot seed an RNG. The documented array formula
is task_id * n_files * n_parameter_sets.

Tests adapted to the design: two offset-free generators draw different
bases and share no row on any axis; a generator built from a file's
recorded config reproduces the file in a fresh interpreter under another
PYTHONHASHSEED; offset 0 called twice equals offsets 0 and n; an explicit
offset is honoured from either config placement and reaches a custom
pipeline; neither concrete pipeline shifts an index itself. The
dependency-order test was vacuous -- no model it listed has a dependent
bound -- and now covers full_ddm_rv plus a synthetic space with a
two-dependent parameter, with the edge counts asserted. One subprocess
per hash seed prints every space's order instead of one per (seed,
model): the file runs in 16 s instead of 47 s.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* test(datagen): prove the recorded offset is what reproduces a file

The regeneration test passed on the previous source as well: with no
base drawn and a default offset of 0, any offset-free config reproduces
any other, so the check could not tell a recorded value from a fixed
default. The worker now regenerates from both the recorded config and
the offset-free one it came from, in one interpreter, and only the first
may match.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* fix(sampler): sample in the declared parameter order

The first pin put the sampling order at the exact reverse of the
declaration -- the depth-first search prepends -- and visited
"dependency-only" names that cannot exist, since _build_dependency_graph
rejects any bound naming a parameter outside param_space. The order
changes for every stored training set in this release regardless, so
pin the one that needs no explanation: param_space insertion order, a
dependency pulled ahead only when it is declared after a parameter that
needs it. For every registered model that is `params` itself, so the
parameter <-> draw assignment of a file is readable from its model
config. Topological validity and cycle detection are unchanged; the
dependency graph is still built, for its validation.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* fix(datagen): keep the PyDDM legacy seed inside the 32-bit range

PyDDMPipeline still seeds the legacy global RNG with the theta index for
any downstream code that draws from it, and np.random.seed rejects
anything above 2**32 - 1. With the generator now drawing a 62-bit base
from entropy, every PyDDM run raised "Seed must be between 0 and
2**32 - 1" from inside the worker pool; the KDE path was unaffected
because default_rng takes any non-negative integer. Reduce the legacy
seed modulo 2**32 and pin both pipelines on a 62-bit index.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* docs(race): cite the validation reference and record why the inline RNG stays

The module docstring pointed at a race_model.pdf that is not in the repo.
Describe the model directly and cite the preprint whose Appendix B the
Volterra validation reference (#365) follows.

Also state why this kernel keeps the xoshiro/Box-Muller generator copied
from addm_models.pyx rather than the shared GSL RNG: the GSL path is only
live on GSL builds and only for n_threads > 1 (PyPI wheels build without
GSL and the stub returns 0.0), whereas the inline generator needs no GSL
and gives n_threads-independent results. Consolidation of the two kernels
is tracked in #376.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* refactor(race): mechanical review items, no behaviour change

- stage_changed is a bint assigned True/False
- the per-accumulator stage-count memoryview is n_stages, not d
  (the public d_array keyword is unchanged)
- shape validation names the offending array instead of one combined
  condition, and the node-monotonicity check is a single vectorised
  numpy expression over the active transitions that reports the row
  and accumulator
- nondecision_time / deadline resolution uses plain if blocks, and the
  two length checks are separate with distinct messages

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* test(race): add simulator behaviour tests

Taken unchanged from the closed #364 branch (6114f34), where they were
written for this simulator but never merged: deterministic
single-accumulator crossing, fastest accumulator wins, native stage
switches are used, the omission sentinel, and seeded output independent
of n_threads.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* fix(race): reject negative nondecision_time/deadline and deadline < ndt

A negative nondecision_time silently produced negative response times
and a deadline below the nondecision time omitted every trial without
saying so. Validate both after they are resolved to per-trial arrays.
The three tests are the ones proposed in review on #342.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* test(race): cover return_option and the input contract

return_option: minimal omits x_final, full reports it per (sample, trial,
accumulator), anything else raises. Input contract through the public
function: per-array shape mismatch, d_array range and shape, decreasing
active nodes (and decreasing nodes in padded stages being ignored), x0
shape, the 32-accumulator cap, non-3D mu, zero samples, and
nondecision_time / deadline of the wrong length.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* refactor: move race_math to notebooks/ as notebook-only reference code

The three analytical one-accumulator quantities (first-passage density,
CDF, and surviving-position density) are only used by the two race
notebooks, so they move out of ssms.basic_simulators as suggested in
review, and their validation-only test goes with them. The notebooks now
import the module from their own directory.

While moving: describe each function and the shared arguments in the
docstrings instead of citing an unnamed "equation (14)", and split the
dense density expression into a normaliser and an exponent. The maths
is unchanged.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com>

---------

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
Co-authored-by: “mariama” <“maria_ma@brown.edu”>
Co-authored-by: Alexander Fengler <alexanderfengler@gmx.de>
Co-authored-by: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Co-authored-by: dependabot[bot] <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: eitan_perlin@brown.edu <eperlin@node2333.oscar.ccv.brown.edu>
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