Make callback dispatch deterministic

[SuperdoerTrav]

Resolve supported callback signatures once and propagate callback TypeError values unchanged across environment, spacecraft, adaptive orbit, and leapfrog paths. Add focused contract tests. This is an API-contract review branch, separate from bug fixes.

Summary

Repository Policy Checklist

• If any part of this change was produced with an automated agent or LLM assistance, AGENTS.md was followed and this PR states what was verified by running it.
• Changes preserve the existing file layout (ssapy_toolkit/, tests/, demos/, docs/, scripts/, .github/).
• Package-code changes include tests under tests/, or this PR only changes docs/CI/metadata.
• New user-facing workflows include a runnable demo under demos/, or no demo is needed because:
• No generated outputs, downloaded data, images, notebooks with embedded outputs, binary media, or large artifacts are committed.
• Persistent data needed by this work is stored in SSAPy-Data or documented as an external input.

Validation

• pytest tests
• python -m ssapy_toolkit.run_all_demos --no-open when demos or user-facing workflows changed
• python scripts/check_repository_policy.py
• No existing test, tolerance, workflow, or policy check was weakened to make this pass.
• Every number quoted in this PR came from a command I ran on this change.