Fix remove_url_auth leaving username-only credentials in URLs

[Shubham-Padkonde]

remove_url_auth removed the literal "{username}:{password}@" string, so a URL with only a username (e.g. "mqtt://TOKEN@broker:1883", a common way to pass a token) became "TOKEN:None@" and nothing was removed. The broker URL is published in the AsyncAPI document and in broker_safe_url, so the token was exposed. Rebuild the netloc without the userinfo instead of doing a string replace.

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