fix: prevent field label leak through rule parameters in validation messages

system/Validation/Validation.php

@@ -30,6 +30,20 @@
  */
 class Validation implements ValidationInterface
 {
+    /**
+     * Rules whose parameter is a reference to another field name.
+     * Only for these rules the parameter is looked up in the field rules
+     * to resolve the label of the referenced field.
+     *
+     * @var list<string>
+     */
+    private const FIELD_REFERENCE_RULES = [
+        'matches',
+        'differs',
+        'required_with',
+        'required_without',
+    ];
+
     /**
      * Files to load with validation functions.
      *
@@ -873,7 +887,10 @@ protected function getErrorMessage(
 
         $args = [
             'field' => ($label === null || $label === '') ? $field : lang($label),
-            'param' => isset($this->rules[$param]['label']) ? lang($this->rules[$param]['label']) : $param,
+            'param' => in_array($rule, self::FIELD_REFERENCE_RULES, true)
+                && isset($this->rules[$param]['label'])
+                    ? lang($this->rules[$param]['label'])
+                    : $param,
             'value' => $value ?? '',
         ];
 

tests/system/Validation/ValidationTest.php

@@ -1858,6 +1858,50 @@ public function testNestedArrayThrowsException(): void
         ], $this->validation->getErrors());
     }
 
+    public function testParamIsNotResolvedAsFieldLabelForNonFieldReferenceRules(): void
+    {
+        $rules = [
+            'secret' => [
+                'label' => 'Internal Secret Field',
+                'rules' => 'required',
+            ],
+            'name' => [
+                'label' => 'Name',
+                'rules' => 'required|min_length[secret]',
+            ],
+        ];
+
+        $this->validation->setRules($rules);
+
+        $this->assertFalse($this->validation->run(['name' => 'a', 'secret' => 'x']));
+        $this->assertSame(
+            ['name' => 'The Name field must be at least secret characters in length.'],
+            $this->validation->getErrors(),
+        );
+    }
+
+    public function testParamResolvesFieldLabelForFieldReferenceRules(): void
+    {
+        $rules = [
+            'password' => [
+                'label' => 'Password',
+                'rules' => 'required',
+            ],
+            'password_confirmation' => [
+                'label' => 'Password Confirmation',
+                'rules' => 'matches[password]',
+            ],
+        ];
+
+        $this->validation->setRules($rules);
+
+        $this->assertFalse($this->validation->run(['password' => 'abc', 'password_confirmation' => 'def']));
+        $this->assertSame(
+            ['password_confirmation' => 'The Password Confirmation field does not match the Password field.'],
+            $this->validation->getErrors(),
+        );
+    }
+
     public function testRuleWithLeadingAsterisk(): void
     {
         $data = [

user_guide_src/source/changelogs/v4.7.5.rst

@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@ Bugs Fixed
 - **Honeypot:** Fixed a bug where bot detection returned an HTTP 500 response instead of 403 (Forbidden).
 - **I18n:** Fixed a bug where ``Time::today()``, ``Time::yesterday()``, and ``Time::tomorrow()`` ignored the specified ``$timezone`` and ``setTestNow()`` when calculating the day.
 - **Logger:** Fixed a bug where interpolating a log message with array or non-stringable context values could raise PHP warnings or errors.
+- **Validation:** Fixed a bug where a rule parameter that was not a field reference (e.g., a numeric limit) could resolve another field's label and leak it into the error message when it matched a defined field name. Label substitution now only applies to field-referencing rules (``matches``, ``differs``, ``required_with``, ``required_without``).
 
 See the repo's
 `CHANGELOG.md <https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/blob/develop/CHANGELOG.md>`_