GH-51566: [C++] Add type_id to arrow::ArrayBuilder

[andishgar]

Rationale for this change

Add type_id to allow accessing an ArrayBuilder's type ID without constructing the type. This avoids unnecessary type construction when accessing the type ID of nested types.

What changes are included in this PR?

Add arrow::ArrayBuilder::type_id.

Are these changes tested?

No, since this is a trivial change.

Are there any user-facing changes?

No.

• GitHub Issue: [C++] Add type_id to arrow::ArrayBuilder #51566

[github-actions]

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[github-actions]

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[github-actions]

⚠️ GitHub issue #51566 has been automatically assigned in GitHub to PR creator.