[Docs] Three dead links: Java checkstyle after the arrow-java split, conda install guide, AMD ROCm #51148

Describe the bug, including details regarding any error messages, version, and platform.

I requested every URL under docs/source — 438 unique links — and three are dead with an unambiguous current target.

1. docs/source/developers/java/development.rst links the checkstyle config as apache/arrow/blob/main/java/dev/checkstyle/checkstyle.xml. That path went away with the Java split; the file is apache/arrow-java/blob/main/dev/checkstyle/checkstyle.xml (10,851 bytes on main). This is the _checkstyle: reference target on the Java development page, so the pointer to the style config a Java contributor is told to follow is broken. It is the only remaining apache/arrow/.../java/... link in the docs.

2. docs/source/developers/continuous_integration/crossbow.rst links conda.io/docs/user-guide/install/index.html for installing conda. That 404s; the page is docs.conda.io/projects/conda/en/latest/user-guide/install/index.html.

3. docs/source/format/CDeviceDataInterface.rst uses amd.com/en/graphics/servers-solutions-rocm as the _ROCm: target. AMD retired that URL; ROCm is at amd.com/en/products/software/rocm.html.

Everything else came back clean once I re-requested it. Two things a naive sweep flags that are not defects, for the record: the Bluesky profile in conf.py and release.rst returns 200 on a real request, and the ursacomputing/crossbow nightly .jar/.pom URLs in the Java release docs are illustrative examples of a nightly artifact set from 2022, not links meant to resolve.

Happy to open the PR for these three; the diff is three URL strings.

Disclosure: found with AI assistance (Claude, via Claude Code). Every URL was verified with a request, and the GitHub ones through the contents API rather than the HTML pages, because github.com rate-limits bulk checks and a 429 is indistinguishable from a 404.

Component(s)

Documentation