diff --git a/.github/workflows/check-formatting.yml b/.github/workflows/check-formatting.yml
index 14a391de..7e61145d 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/check-formatting.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/check-formatting.yml
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        python-version: ["3.10", "3.11"]
+        python-version: ["3.11", "3.13", "3.14"]
 
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v7
diff --git a/.github/workflows/docker-image.yml b/.github/workflows/docker-image.yml
index 0dbf51ad..04fea2c7 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/docker-image.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/docker-image.yml
@@ -59,14 +59,6 @@ jobs:
         push: ${{ github.event_name != 'pull_request' }}
         tags: |
           ${{ env.DOCKER_HUB_USERNAME }}/${{ env.DOCKER_HUB_REPOSITORY }}:python-slim
-    - name: Build and push pytorch1.13.1-cu116 version
-      uses: docker/build-push-action@v7
-      with:
-        context: .
-        file: ./pytorch1.13.1-cu116.Dockerfile
-        push: ${{ github.event_name != 'pull_request' }}
-        tags: |
-          ${{ env.DOCKER_HUB_USERNAME }}/${{ env.DOCKER_HUB_REPOSITORY }}:pytorch1.13.1-cu116
     - name: Build and push pytorch2-latest version
       uses: docker/build-push-action@v7
       with:
diff --git a/.github/workflows/docs-test-publish.yml b/.github/workflows/docs-test-publish.yml
index 85641684..f208f6ab 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/docs-test-publish.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/docs-test-publish.yml
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        python-version: ["3.10"]
+        python-version: ["3.13"]
 
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v7
diff --git a/.github/workflows/run-pytest.yml b/.github/workflows/run-pytest.yml
index c8e662f5..e26836d8 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/run-pytest.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/run-pytest.yml
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        python-version: ["3.10", "3.11"]
+        python-version: ["3.11", "3.13", "3.14"]
 
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v7
diff --git a/.github/workflows/test-apfl.yml b/.github/workflows/test-apfl.yml
index 7a189733..e3d07dc8 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/test-apfl.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test-apfl.yml
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        python-version: ["3.10"]
+        python-version: ["3.13"]
 
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v7
diff --git a/.github/workflows/test-ditto.yml b/.github/workflows/test-ditto.yml
index e3b2af79..672f33d7 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/test-ditto.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test-ditto.yml
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        python-version: ["3.10"]
+        python-version: ["3.13"]
 
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v7
diff --git a/.github/workflows/test-fedcr.yml b/.github/workflows/test-fedcr.yml
index fe297aff..1f730159 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/test-fedcr.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test-fedcr.yml
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        python-version: ["3.10"]
+        python-version: ["3.13"]
 
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v7
diff --git a/.github/workflows/test-feddc.yml b/.github/workflows/test-feddc.yml
index 963acccf..4d3d9a0f 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/test-feddc.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test-feddc.yml
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        python-version: ["3.10"]
+        python-version: ["3.13"]
 
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v7
diff --git a/.github/workflows/test-feddr.yml b/.github/workflows/test-feddr.yml
index 51061b9d..068e982e 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/test-feddr.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test-feddr.yml
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        python-version: ["3.10"]
+        python-version: ["3.13"]
 
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v7
diff --git a/.github/workflows/test-feddyn.yml b/.github/workflows/test-feddyn.yml
index 156943e5..2ce7ae57 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/test-feddyn.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test-feddyn.yml
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        python-version: ["3.10"]
+        python-version: ["3.13"]
 
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v7
diff --git a/.github/workflows/test-fedopt.yml b/.github/workflows/test-fedopt.yml
index 488f56ce..a9951d51 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/test-fedopt.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test-fedopt.yml
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        python-version: ["3.10"]
+        python-version: ["3.13"]
 
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v7
diff --git a/.github/workflows/test-fedpd.yml b/.github/workflows/test-fedpd.yml
index 897bf888..1063ae15 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/test-fedpd.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test-fedpd.yml
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        python-version: ["3.10"]
+        python-version: ["3.13"]
 
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v7
diff --git a/.github/workflows/test-fedprox.yml b/.github/workflows/test-fedprox.yml
index 1d3a208c..cb759fc6 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/test-fedprox.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test-fedprox.yml
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        python-version: ["3.10"]
+        python-version: ["3.13"]
 
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v7
diff --git a/.github/workflows/test-fedsplit.yml b/.github/workflows/test-fedsplit.yml
index b891373b..2b478c36 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/test-fedsplit.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test-fedsplit.yml
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        python-version: ["3.10"]
+        python-version: ["3.13"]
 
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v7
diff --git a/.github/workflows/test-fpfc.yml b/.github/workflows/test-fpfc.yml
index 86c05a27..a9d05025 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/test-fpfc.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test-fpfc.yml
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        python-version: ["3.10"]
+        python-version: ["3.13"]
 
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v7
diff --git a/.github/workflows/test-ifca.yml b/.github/workflows/test-ifca.yml
index 56a55696..d6534baa 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/test-ifca.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test-ifca.yml
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        python-version: ["3.10"]
+        python-version: ["3.13"]
 
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v7
diff --git a/.github/workflows/test-pfedmac.yml b/.github/workflows/test-pfedmac.yml
index 28df04e4..0f76219e 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/test-pfedmac.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test-pfedmac.yml
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        python-version: ["3.10"]
+        python-version: ["3.13"]
 
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v7
diff --git a/.github/workflows/test-pfedme.yml b/.github/workflows/test-pfedme.yml
index 68270d8b..84334e75 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/test-pfedme.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test-pfedme.yml
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        python-version: ["3.10"]
+        python-version: ["3.13"]
 
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v7
diff --git a/.github/workflows/test-proxskip.yml b/.github/workflows/test-proxskip.yml
index 447547f7..39b464b0 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/test-proxskip.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test-proxskip.yml
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        python-version: ["3.10"]
+        python-version: ["3.13"]
 
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v7
diff --git a/.github/workflows/test-scaffold.yml b/.github/workflows/test-scaffold.yml
index 35526c83..95452aac 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/test-scaffold.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test-scaffold.yml
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        python-version: ["3.10"]
+        python-version: ["3.13"]
 
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v7
diff --git a/.github/workflows/test-threads-executor.yml b/.github/workflows/test-threads-executor.yml
index 9044b0b2..bf759a66 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/test-threads-executor.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test-threads-executor.yml
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        python-version: ["3.10"]
+        python-version: ["3.13"]
         algorithm: [fedopt, fedpd, apfl]
 
     steps:
diff --git a/docs/requirements.txt b/docs/requirements.txt
index 3a0a50ea..96f9db5a 100644
--- a/docs/requirements.txt
+++ b/docs/requirements.txt
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ sphinx-design
 sphinx-emoji-favicon
 sphinx-intl
 sphinxcontrib-napoleon
-sphinxcontrib-tikz
+sphinxcontrib-tikz>=0.4.20
 sphinxcontrib-bibtex
 sphinxcontrib-proof
 sphinxcontrib-pseudocode2
diff --git a/docs/source/install.rst b/docs/source/install.rst
index b4650d60..d76ddb72 100644
--- a/docs/source/install.rst
+++ b/docs/source/install.rst
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 Installation instructions
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-:code:`fl-sim` requires **Python 3.10+** and is available through pip:
+:code:`fl-sim` requires **Python 3.11+** and is available through pip:
 
 .. code-block:: bash
 
diff --git a/docs/source/locale/zh_CN/LC_MESSAGES/install.po b/docs/source/locale/zh_CN/LC_MESSAGES/install.po
index e5d766c3..1a0d3fef 100644
--- a/docs/source/locale/zh_CN/LC_MESSAGES/install.po
+++ b/docs/source/locale/zh_CN/LC_MESSAGES/install.po
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 "Project-Id-Version: fl-sim\n"
 "Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: \n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2026-10-06 01:22+0800\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2026-11-01 15:54+0800\n"
 "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
 "Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
 "Language-Team: zh <LL@li.org>\n"
@@ -17,23 +17,26 @@ msgstr ""
 "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\n"
 "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
 "Plural-Forms: nplurals=1; plural=0;\n"
-"Generated-By: Babel 2.16.0\n"
+"Generated-By: Babel 2.18.0\n"
 
 #: ../../source/install.rst:2
 msgid "Installation instructions"
 msgstr "安装说明"
 
 #: ../../source/install.rst:4
-msgid ":code:`fl-sim` requires **Python 3.10+** and is available through pip:"
-msgstr ":code:`fl-sim` 需要 **Python 3.10+** ，可通过 pip 安装："
+msgid ":code:`fl-sim` requires **Python 3.11+** and is available through pip:"
+msgstr ":code:`fl-sim` 需要 **Python 3.11+** ，可通过 pip 安装："
 
 #: ../../source/install.rst:10
 msgid "or clone the repository and run"
 msgstr "或克隆仓库后运行"
 
 #: ../../source/install.rst:16
-msgid "Alternatively, one can use the Docker image `wenh06/fl-sim <https://hub.docker.com/r/wenh06/fl-sim>`_ to run the code. The image is built with the `Docker Image CI action <https://github.com/wenh06/fl-sim/actions/workflows/docker-image.yml>`_. To pull the image, run the following command:"
-msgstr "或者，可以使用 Docker 镜像 `wenh06/fl-sim <https://hub.docker.com/r/wenh06/fl-sim>`_ 来运行代码。镜像由 `Docker Image CI action <https://github.com/wenh06/fl-sim/actions/workflows/docker-image.yml>`_ 构建。拉取镜像请运行以下命令："
+msgid ""
+"Alternatively, one can use the Docker image `wenh06/fl-sim <https://hub.docker.com/r/wenh06/fl-sim>`_ to run the code. The image is built with the `Docker Image CI action "
+"<https://github.com/wenh06/fl-sim/actions/workflows/docker-image.yml>`_. To pull the image, run the following command:"
+msgstr ""
+"或者，可以使用 Docker 镜像 `wenh06/fl-sim <https://hub.docker.com/r/wenh06/fl-sim>`_ 来运行代码。镜像由 `Docker Image CI action <https://github.com/wenh06/fl-sim/actions/workflows/docker-image.yml>`_ 构建。拉取镜像请运行以下命令："
 
 #: ../../source/install.rst:24
 msgid "For the usage (interactive mode), run the following command:"
diff --git a/docs/source/locale/zh_CN/LC_MESSAGES/quickstart.po b/docs/source/locale/zh_CN/LC_MESSAGES/quickstart.po
index 15c2540a..39b55aee 100644
--- a/docs/source/locale/zh_CN/LC_MESSAGES/quickstart.po
+++ b/docs/source/locale/zh_CN/LC_MESSAGES/quickstart.po
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 "Project-Id-Version: fl-sim\n"
 "Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: \n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2026-10-28 23:45+0800\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2026-11-01 15:54+0800\n"
 "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
 "Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
 "Language-Team: zh_CN <LL@li.org>\n"
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ msgstr ""
 "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\n"
 "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
 "Plural-Forms: nplurals=1; plural=0;\n"
-"Generated-By: Babel 2.16.0\n"
+"Generated-By: Babel 2.18.0\n"
 
 #: ../../source/quickstart.rst:4
 msgid "Quickstart"
@@ -38,8 +38,8 @@ msgid "Prerequisites"
 msgstr "准备条件"
 
 #: ../../source/quickstart.rst:17
-msgid "Install fl-sim following :doc:`install` (``pip install git+https://github.com/wenh06/fl-sim.git``). Python 3.10+ with PyTorch is required."
-msgstr "按照 :doc:`install` 安装 fl-sim（``pip install git+https://github.com/wenh06/fl-sim.git``）。需要 Python 3.10+ 与 PyTorch。"
+msgid "Install fl-sim following :doc:`install` (``pip install git+https://github.com/wenh06/fl-sim.git``). Python 3.11+ with PyTorch is required."
+msgstr "按照 :doc:`install` 安装 fl-sim（``pip install git+https://github.com/wenh06/fl-sim.git``）。需要 Python 3.11+ 与 PyTorch。"
 
 #: ../../source/quickstart.rst:21
 msgid "Train your first model"
@@ -84,6 +84,7 @@ msgid "a ``.txt`` log with the human-readable console history;"
 msgstr "一个 ``.txt`` 日志，保存人类可读的控制台历史；"
 
 #: ../../source/quickstart.rst:65
+#, python-brace-format
 msgid ""
 "a ``.json`` log with the full metrics history, structured as ``{\"train\": {...}, \"val\": {\"Server\": [...], \"Client0\": [...], ...}}`` — one dict per evaluation, holding ``step``, ``acc``, "
 "``loss``, etc. This file is the input for visualization;"
diff --git a/docs/source/quickstart.rst b/docs/source/quickstart.rst
index 3ab01adf..c0d641e3 100644
--- a/docs/source/quickstart.rst
+++ b/docs/source/quickstart.rst
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ Prerequisites
 -------------
 
 Install fl-sim following :doc:`install` (``pip install git+https://github.com/wenh06/fl-sim.git``).
-Python 3.10+ with PyTorch is required.
+Python 3.11+ with PyTorch is required.
 
 Train your first model
 ----------------------
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index 0c5e5246..4230b676 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ dynamic = ["version"]
 description = "A Simple Simulation Framework for Federated Learning Based on PyTorch"
 readme = "README.md"
 license = { file = "LICENSE" }
-requires-python = ">=3.10"
+requires-python = ">=3.11"
 authors = [
     { name = "wenh06", email = "wenh06@gmail.com" },
 ]
@@ -17,10 +17,10 @@ classifiers = [
     "Operating System :: OS Independent",
     "Programming Language :: Python",
     "Programming Language :: Python :: 3",
-    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10",
     "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11",
     "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12",
     "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.13",
+    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.14",
 ]
 dependencies = [
     "beautifulsoup4",
diff --git a/python-slim.Dockerfile b/python-slim.Dockerfile
index 44bff712..e8352178 100644
--- a/python-slim.Dockerfile
+++ b/python-slim.Dockerfile
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # FROM pytorch/pytorch:1.8.0-cuda11.1-cudnn8-devel
 # FROM pytorch/pytorch:1.10.0-cuda11.3-cudnn8-runtime
-FROM python:3.10-slim
+FROM python:3.13-slim
 
 ## The MAINTAINER instruction sets the author field of the generated images.
 LABEL maintainer="wenh06@gmail.com"
diff --git a/pytorch1.13.1-cu116.Dockerfile b/pytorch1.13.1-cu116.Dockerfile
deleted file mode 100644
index 8d5be35d..00000000
--- a/pytorch1.13.1-cu116.Dockerfile
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,55 +0,0 @@
-# https://hub.docker.com/r/pytorch/pytorch
-FROM pytorch/pytorch:1.13.1-cuda11.6-cudnn8-runtime
-# NOTE:
-# pytorch/pytorch:1.13.1-cuda11.6-cudnn8-runtime has python version 3.10.8, system version Ubuntu 18.04.6 LTS
-# pytorch/pytorch:1.10.1-cuda11.3-cudnn8-runtime has python version 3.7.x
-# pytorch/pytorch:2.0.1-cuda11.7-cudnn8-runtime has python version 3.10.11, system version Ubuntu 20.04.6 LTS
-# FROM python/python:3.8-slim
-
-# set the environment variable to avoid interactive installation
-# which might stuck the docker build process
-ENV DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive
-# The base image is Ubuntu 18.04 based (glibc 2.27). The latest versions of
-# some dependencies only ship manylinux_2_28 (glibc >= 2.28) wheels and would
-# fall back to source builds that need a Rust/C toolchain (e.g. the newest
-# pyarrow pulls in libcst, which needs Rust). Prefer the newest versions that
-# ship compatible wheels instead.
-ENV PIP_PREFER_BINARY=1
-
-## The MAINTAINER instruction sets the author field of the generated images.
-LABEL maintainer="wenh06@gmail.com"
-
-RUN mkdir /fl_sim
-COPY ./ /fl_sim
-WORKDIR /fl_sim
-
-
-## Install your dependencies here using apt install, etc.
-
-RUN apt update && apt upgrade -y && apt clean
-RUN apt install ffmpeg libsm6 libxext6 tar unzip wget vim nano git -y
-
-# RUN apt install python3-pip
-RUN ln -s /usr/bin/python3 /usr/bin/python && ln -s /usr/bin/pip3 /usr/bin/pip
-# RUN pip install --upgrade pip
-
-# http://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/simple/
-# http://pypi.douban.com/simple/
-# RUN pip config set global.index-url https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple
-## Include the following line if you have a requirements.txt file.
-# datasets >= 4.1 requires pyarrow >= 21, whose wheels are manylinux_2_28-only
-# (glibc >= 2.28, incompatible with this Ubuntu 18.04-based image); pin the
-# last versions that ship wheels compatible with the older glibc.
-# (PIP_PREFER_BINARY alone is not enough here: the version floor keeps the
-# resolver on the sdist, whose build needs a Rust compiler for libcst.)
-RUN pip install -r requirements-no-torch.txt "datasets<4.1" "pyarrow<21"
-RUN pip install -r requirements-viz.txt
-# RUN pip install torch==1.13.1+cu116 -f https://download.pytorch.org/whl/torch_stable.html
-RUN pip install torchvision==0.14.1+cu116 --no-deps -f https://download.pytorch.org/whl/torch_stable.html
-RUN pip install torch-optimizer --no-deps
-RUN python -m pip cache purge
-
-
-RUN python -m pip install .
-
-# RUN python docker_test.py
diff --git a/test/test_custom.py b/test/test_custom.py
index 427e2e08..bca313c9 100644
--- a/test/test_custom.py
+++ b/test/test_custom.py
@@ -6,10 +6,15 @@
 **NOT** in the test directory with `pytest -s -v test_custom.py`.
 """
 
+import sys
+
 from fl_sim.utils.misc import execute_cmd
 
 
 def test_custom_dataset_algorithm():
-    cmd = "fl-sim test-files/custom_conf.yml"
+    # invoke the module entry point through the running interpreter instead
+    # of the `fl-sim` console script, so the test does not depend on the
+    # script directory being on PATH
+    cmd = f"'{sys.executable}' -m fl_sim.cli test-files/custom_conf.yml"
     exitcode, _ = execute_cmd(cmd)
     assert exitcode == 0