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<article>
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<main class="v-doc">
<h1 class="main">Memory management</h1>
<p>V avoids doing unnecessary allocations in the first place by using value types,
string buffers, promoting a simple abstraction-free code style.</p>
<p>There are 4 ways to manage memory in V.</p>
<p>The default is a minimal and a well performing tracing GC.</p>
<p>With Boehm GC, <code>-d no_gc_thread_local_alloc</code> builds the bundled collector without thread-local
allocation, so allocation counters also observe warmed small-object allocations. It uses the
platform C compiler unless <code>-cc</code> selects one explicitly. This option preserves compiler selection
when GC is disabled or <code>-d dynamic_boehm</code> is enabled; an empty define value does not enable a flag.</p>
<p>The second way is autofree, it can be enabled with <code>-autofree</code>. It takes care of most objects
(~90-100%): the compiler inserts necessary free calls automatically during compilation.
Remaining small percentage of objects is freed via GC. The developer doesn't need to change
anything in their code. "It just works", like in Python, Go, or Java, except there's no
heavy GC tracing everything or expensive RC for each object.</p>
<p>For developers willing to have more low-level control, memory can be managed manually with
<code>-gc none</code>.</p>
<p>Arena allocation is available via a <code>-prealloc</code> flag. Note: currently this mode is only
suitable to speed up short lived, single-threaded, batch-like programs (like compilers).</p>
<p>For scoped arenas, use the <code>arena</code> module: while an arena is pushed on a thread, all V
allocations on that thread (strings, arrays, maps, ...) come from it, and they are released
together by <code>reset()</code> or <code>free()</code>. This keeps memory bounded in long-running, multi-threaded
programs built with <code>-gc none</code>. It also works with the default GC, but not with <code>-prealloc</code>.</p>
<div class="language-v">import arena
mut a := arena.new()
mut results := []string{}
for i in 0 .. 3 {
a.push()
s := 'iteration ${i}: ' + 'x'.repeat(i)
a.pop()
results << s.clone() // copy the value out of the arena
a.reset() // reuse the arena memory in the next iteration
}
a.free()
println(results)
</div>
<h2 id="control">Control <a href="memory-management.html#control" class="header-anchor" aria-hidden="true">#</a></h2>
<p>You can take advantage of V's autofree engine and define a <code>free()</code> method on custom
data types:</p>
<div class="language-v">struct MyType {}
@[unsafe]
fn (data &MyType) free() {
// ...
}
</div>
<p>Just as the compiler frees C data types with C's <code>free()</code>, it will statically insert
<code>free()</code> calls for your data type at the end of each variable's lifetime.</p>
<p>Autofree can be enabled with an <code>-autofree</code> flag.</p>
<p>For developers willing to have more low-level control, autofree can be disabled with
<code>-manualfree</code>, or by adding a <code>[manualfree]</code> on each function that wants to manage its
memory manually. (See <a href="attributes.html">attributes</a>).</p>
<blockquote class="tip">
<p>[!NOTE]
Autofree is still WIP. Until it stabilises and becomes the default, please