diff --git a/CONTRIBUTING.md b/CONTRIBUTING.md
index f064dbc..a109f55 100644
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -36,6 +36,20 @@ uv run pytest -q tests/
 uv run --no-project --with hatchling python tests/sdist_smoke.py
 ```
 
+## Performance Comparisons
+
+Benchmark full directory analysis, including entrypoint discovery, with:
+
+```bash
+uv run --locked python -m tests.benchmark_analysis /path/to/corpus --language python --repeat 7
+```
+
+Use the same unchanged corpus, path, Python version, and dependencies in both
+checkouts, without concurrent tests or mutation workers. The runner warms up
+grammar loading, reports every timing and the median, and fingerprints the
+complete graph output with `graph_sha256`. Compare the fingerprints as well as
+the timings; a speedup should preserve or explicitly account for graph changes.
+
 ## Mutation Testing
 
 Trailmark uses a pinned pytest-gremlins runner to verify test suite quality.
@@ -98,6 +112,9 @@ their existing files; `tests/mutation_order.py` defines the ordering, and
 unknown components keep collection order. Use `--test-order=collection` to
 compare against pytest's original order.
 
+Private helpers use their component test names without the leading underscore;
+Python decorator helpers start with `test_python_decorator_bindings.py`.
+
 **Focusing a campaign.** Pass `--targets` with comma-separated source paths,
 followed by the relevant test files.
 
diff --git a/src/trailmark/analysis/_python_decorators.py b/src/trailmark/analysis/_python_decorators.py
index 1d8b7af..ce1468a 100644
--- a/src/trailmark/analysis/_python_decorators.py
+++ b/src/trailmark/analysis/_python_decorators.py
@@ -20,10 +20,11 @@
 
 import ast
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field, replace
+from functools import cached_property, lru_cache
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Literal
 
-from tree_sitter import Node, Parser
+from tree_sitter import Node, Parser, Query, QueryCursor
 from tree_sitter_language_pack import get_language
 
 from trailmark.models.nodes import SourceLocation
@@ -147,7 +148,20 @@ def python_decorators(path: str) -> list[DecoratorFact]:
     except OSError:
         return []
     root = Parser(get_language("python")).parse(source).root_node
-    return _Analyzer(path, root).facts()
+    decorated = QueryCursor(_decorator_query()).captures(root).get("decorated", [])
+    if not decorated:
+        return []
+    return _Analyzer(path, root).facts(sorted(decorated, key=lambda node: node.start_byte))
+
+
+@lru_cache(maxsize=1)
+def _decorator_query() -> Query:
+    # Select functions before building lexical scopes: class decorators alone
+    # need no binding analysis. The full tree still supplies binding evidence.
+    return Query(
+        get_language("python"),
+        "(decorated_definition definition: (function_definition)) @decorated",
+    )
 
 
 class _Analyzer:
@@ -156,18 +170,17 @@ def __init__(self, path: str, root: Node) -> None:
         self._root = root
         self._scopes = _build_scopes(root)
         self._module = self._scopes[root.id]
-        self._stored, self._dynamic = _attribute_writes(root)
 
-    def facts(self) -> list[DecoratorFact]:
+    @cached_property
+    def _writes(self) -> tuple[frozenset[str], bool]:
+        # Only local identity proofs need the file-wide replacement scan.
+        return _attribute_writes(self._root)
+
+    def facts(self, decorated: list[Node]) -> list[DecoratorFact]:
         facts: list[DecoratorFact] = []
-        pending = [self._root]
-        while pending:
-            node = pending.pop()
-            pending.extend(reversed(node.named_children))
+        for node in decorated:
             definition = node.child_by_field_name("definition")
-            if node.type != "decorated_definition" or definition is None:
-                continue
-            if definition.type != "function_definition":
+            if definition is None:
                 continue
             scope = self._owner(node)
             position = node.start_byte if _statement_block(node) == scope.body else None
@@ -240,7 +253,8 @@ def _disposition(
 
     def _unreplaced(self, function: Node, callee: _Value) -> bool:
         """Whether nothing visible in the file can replace a local identity decorator."""
-        if self._dynamic:
+        stored, dynamic = self._writes
+        if dynamic:
             return False
         names = {_text(function.child_by_field_name("name") or function), callee.method}
         block = function.parent
@@ -250,7 +264,7 @@ def _unreplaced(self, function: Node, callee: _Value) -> bool:
             if scope is None or not _plain_class(owner, scope):
                 return False
             names.add(_text(owner.child_by_field_name("name") or owner))
-        return not names & self._stored
+        return not names & stored
 
     def _literal(
         self, node: Node, scope: _Scope, position: int | None, depth: int
diff --git a/tests/benchmark_analysis.py b/tests/benchmark_analysis.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b711901
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/benchmark_analysis.py
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+"""Measure full directory analysis and fingerprint its complete graph output.
+
+Run on the same unchanged corpus in both checkouts, without concurrent tests:
+``uv run python -m tests.benchmark_analysis /path/to/corpus --language python``.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import argparse
+import hashlib
+import json
+import platform
+import statistics
+import time
+
+from trailmark.query import QueryEngine
+
+
+def main() -> None:
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=__doc__)
+    parser.add_argument("directory")
+    parser.add_argument("--language", default="auto")
+    parser.add_argument("--repeat", type=int, default=7)
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+    if args.repeat < 1:
+        parser.error("--repeat must be positive")
+
+    elapsed = []
+    digests = set()
+    # Warm up grammar loading and filesystem caches before timing.
+    QueryEngine.from_directory(args.directory, language=args.language)
+    for _ in range(args.repeat):
+        start = time.perf_counter()
+        engine = QueryEngine.from_directory(args.directory, language=args.language)
+        elapsed.append(time.perf_counter() - start)
+        graph = json.loads(engine.to_json())
+        serialized = json.dumps(graph, sort_keys=True, separators=(",", ":"))
+        digests.add(hashlib.sha256(serialized.encode()).hexdigest())
+        del engine
+    if len(digests) != 1:
+        raise RuntimeError("Graph output changed between benchmark repetitions")
+    print(
+        json.dumps(
+            {
+                "directory": args.directory,
+                "language": args.language,
+                "python": platform.python_version(),
+                "platform": platform.platform(),
+                "seconds": elapsed,
+                "median_seconds": statistics.median(elapsed),
+                "graph_sha256": digests.pop(),
+            },
+            indent=2,
+        )
+    )
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
diff --git a/tests/mutation_order.py b/tests/mutation_order.py
index bc6599b..ea3a5f0 100644
--- a/tests/mutation_order.py
+++ b/tests/mutation_order.py
@@ -31,8 +31,10 @@ def prioritize_tests(source: str, node_ids: list[str]) -> list[str]:
         preferred = ["test_storage.py", "test_storage_edge_cases.py"]
     elif "query" in parts:
         preferred = ["test_query.py", "test_query_edge_cases.py", "test_hidden_apis.py"]
+    elif path.name == "_python_decorators.py":
+        preferred = ["test_python_decorator_bindings.py", "test_entrypoints.py"]
     else:
-        preferred = [f"test_{path.stem}.py"]
+        preferred = [f"test_{path.stem.removeprefix('_')}.py"]
     ranks = {name: rank for rank, name in enumerate(preferred)}
     return sorted(
         node_ids, key=lambda node: ranks.get(Path(node.split("::", 1)[0]).name, len(ranks))
diff --git a/tests/test_callable_references.py b/tests/test_callable_references.py
index 3ef4721..8a2611f 100644
--- a/tests/test_callable_references.py
+++ b/tests/test_callable_references.py
@@ -532,6 +532,147 @@ def test_php_namespace_imports_resolve_class_constants(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     assert {e.confidence for e in edges} == {EdgeConfidence.INFERRED}
 
 
+def test_python_method_references_are_case_sensitive(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    graph = _discover(
+        tmp_path,
+        {
+            "app.py": (
+                "class Handler:\n"
+                "    def Run(self): pass\n"
+                "    def run(self): pass\n"
+                "def setup():\n    attach(Handler.Run, Handler.run)\n"
+            )
+        },
+    )
+    facts = _evidence(graph)
+    assert [(f.node_id, f.binding, dict(f.details)["path"]) for f in facts] == [
+        ("app:Handler.Run", "resolved", "args[0]"),
+        ("app:Handler.run", "resolved", "args[1]"),
+    ]
+
+
+def test_python_package_initializer_resolves_sibling_imports(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    graph = _discover(
+        tmp_path,
+        {
+            "pkg/__init__.py": (
+                "from .handlers import h as handler\ndef setup():\n    attach(handler)\n"
+            ),
+            "pkg/handlers.py": "def h(): pass\n",
+        },
+    )
+    assert _references(graph) == {("pkg:setup", "pkg.handlers:h")}
+    (fact,) = _evidence(graph, "handler")
+    assert (fact.binding, fact.source_id) == ("resolved", "pkg:setup")
+
+
+def test_python_duplicate_module_suffixes_keep_all_candidates_ambiguous(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    graph = _discover(
+        tmp_path,
+        {
+            "left/pkg/handlers.py": "def h(): pass\n",
+            "right/pkg/handlers.py": "def h(): pass\n",
+            "app.py": "from pkg import handlers\ndef setup():\n    attach(handlers.h)\n",
+        },
+    )
+    assert _references(graph) == set()
+    assert {(f.node_id, f.binding) for f in _evidence(graph, "handlers.h")} == {
+        ("left.pkg.handlers:h", "ambiguous"),
+        ("right.pkg.handlers:h", "ambiguous"),
+    }
+
+
+def test_php_grouped_imports_and_absolute_callable_names(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    graph = _discover(
+        tmp_path,
+        {
+            "lib.php": (
+                r"<?php namespace Lib\Handlers; function f() {} "
+                "class Type { static function Run() {} }"
+            ),
+            "app.php": r"""<?php namespace App;
+use Lib\Handlers\{Type as Alias};
+use function Lib\Handlers\{f as handle};
+function setup() {
+    attach(Alias::RUN(...), \Lib\Handlers\Type::Run(...),
+           handle(...), \Lib\Handlers\f(...));
+    attach(["Lib\\Handlers\\Type", 'RUN']);
+}
+""",
+        },
+        "php",
+    )
+    facts = _evidence(graph)
+    assert [(f.node_id, dict(f.details)["form"], dict(f.details)["path"]) for f in facts] == [
+        ("lib:Lib.Handlers.Type.Run", "first_class_callable", "args[0]"),
+        ("lib:Lib.Handlers.Type.Run", "first_class_callable", "args[1]"),
+        ("lib:Lib.Handlers.f", "first_class_callable", "args[2]"),
+        ("lib:Lib.Handlers.f", "first_class_callable", "args[3]"),
+        ("lib:Lib.Handlers.Type.Run", "array", "args[0]"),
+    ]
+    assert {f.binding for f in facts} == {"resolved"}
+    assert {f.source_id for f in facts} == {"app:App.setup"}
+    assert {edge.confidence for edge in graph.edges if edge.kind == EdgeKind.REFERENCES} == {
+        EdgeConfidence.INFERRED
+    }
+
+
+def test_php_relative_class_scopes_preserve_dispatch_uncertainty(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    graph = _discover(
+        tmp_path,
+        {
+            "app.php": """<?php namespace App;
+class Base { static function Run() {} }
+class Child extends Base {
+    static function Run() {}
+    function setup() {
+        attach(self::RUN(...), static::run(...), parent::RUN(...));
+    }
+}
+"""
+        },
+        "php",
+    )
+    assert [(f.node_id, f.unresolved) for f in _evidence(graph)] == [
+        ("app:App.Child.Run", _UNRESOLVED),
+        ("app:App.Child.Run", (*_UNRESOLVED, "receiver_dispatch")),
+        ("app:App.Base.Run", _UNRESOLVED),
+    ]
+    assert [edge.confidence for edge in graph.edges if edge.kind == EdgeKind.REFERENCES] == [
+        EdgeConfidence.CERTAIN,
+        EdgeConfidence.INFERRED,
+        EdgeConfidence.CERTAIN,
+    ]
+
+
+def test_php_nested_consumers_and_data_arrays_preserve_reference_context(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    graph = _discover(
+        tmp_path,
+        {
+            "app.php": """<?php function h() {} class Type { static function run() {} }
+function setup() {
+    Type::attach(h(...));
+    new Registry(h(...));
+    $r?->attach(h(...));
+    attach(["Missing", "h"], [0 => "h", 1 => "h"]);
+}
+"""
+        },
+        "php",
+    )
+    facts = _evidence(graph)
+    assert {f.node_id for f in facts} == {"app:h"}
+    assert {f.binding for f in facts} == {"resolved"}
+    assert [(dict(f.details)["consumer"], dict(f.details)["path"]) for f in facts] == [
+        ("Type::attach", "args[0]"),
+        ("new Registry", "args[0]"),
+        ("$r->attach", "args[0]"),
+        ("attach", "args[0][1]"),
+        ("attach", "args[1][0]"),
+        ("attach", "args[1][1]"),
+    ]
+
+
 # --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Stability
 
 
diff --git a/tests/test_docs.py b/tests/test_docs.py
index 80f5718..369732c 100644
--- a/tests/test_docs.py
+++ b/tests/test_docs.py
@@ -145,6 +145,8 @@ def pyproject_data() -> dict[str, object]:
     ("docs/installation.md", "Circom and Move use ABI 14; Verus uses ABI 15"),
     ("docs/installation.md", "installing published packages needs neither"),
     # Mutation testing
+    ("CONTRIBUTING.md", "tests.benchmark_analysis /path/to/corpus --language python --repeat 7"),
+    ("CONTRIBUTING.md", "complete graph output with `graph_sha256`"),
     ("CONTRIBUTING.md", "tests.run_mutations --reviewed --workers=4"),
     ("CONTRIBUTING.md", "tests.run_mutations --workers=4"),
     ("CONTRIBUTING.md", "tests.mutation_gate"),
diff --git a/tests/test_mutation_order.py b/tests/test_mutation_order.py
index 421b521..694e8f1 100644
--- a/tests/test_mutation_order.py
+++ b/tests/test_mutation_order.py
@@ -24,6 +24,9 @@
         ("storage/graph_store.py", "test_storage.py"),
         ("query/api.py", "test_query.py"),
         ("analysis/entrypoints.py", "test_entrypoints.py"),
+        ("analysis/_callable_references.py", "test_callable_references.py"),
+        ("analysis/_reference_literals.py", "test_reference_literals.py"),
+        ("analysis/_python_decorators.py", "test_python_decorator_bindings.py"),
     ],
 )
 def test_component_first_retains_every_test(source: str, focused: str) -> None:
@@ -40,6 +43,23 @@ def test_unknown_component_keeps_collection_order() -> None:
     assert prioritize_tests("src/trailmark/new_feature.py", ids) == ids
 
 
+def test_decorator_units_precede_framework_tests_and_keep_fallbacks() -> None:
+    ids = [
+        "tests/test_integration.py::test_end_to_end",
+        "tests/test_entrypoints.py::test_route",
+        "tests/test_python_decorator_bindings.py::test_alias",
+        "tests/test_callable_references.py::test_reference",
+        "tests/test_python_decorator_bindings.py::test_shadow",
+    ]
+    assert prioritize_tests("src/trailmark/analysis/_python_decorators.py", ids) == [
+        ids[2],
+        ids[4],
+        ids[1],
+        ids[0],
+        ids[3],
+    ]
+
+
 def test_parameter_ids_are_preserved_exactly(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
     ids = [
         f"{tmp_path}/tests/test_values.py::test_value[ONE]",
diff --git a/tests/test_python_decorator_bindings.py b/tests/test_python_decorator_bindings.py
index 5575e09..c71586a 100644
--- a/tests/test_python_decorator_bindings.py
+++ b/tests/test_python_decorator_bindings.py
@@ -700,3 +700,137 @@ def deep(): ...
     assert _only(facts, "cyclic").receiver_binding == "ambiguous"
     assert _only(facts, "cyclic").disposition == "unknown"
     assert _only(facts, "deep").consumer_path is None
+
+
+def test_only_function_decorators_are_reported_in_source_order(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    path = tmp_path / "subject.py"
+    path.write_text(
+        "@class_marker\nclass Views:\n"
+        "    @outer('/a')\n    @inner('/b')\n    async def method(self):\n"
+        "        @nested('/c')\n        def handler(): pass\n"
+        "@last('/d')\ndef final(): pass\n"
+    )
+    facts = python_decorators(str(path))
+    assert [(fact.method, fact.handler_line, fact.handler_col) for fact in facts] == [
+        ("outer", 5, 4),
+        ("inner", 5, 4),
+        ("nested", 7, 8),
+        ("last", 9, 0),
+    ]
+    assert [fact.location.start_line for fact in facts] == [3, 4, 6, 8]
+    assert [fact.path for fact in facts] == ["/a", "/b", "/c", "/d"]
+
+    # Reusing the syntax query must not reuse facts from an earlier file version.
+    path.write_text("@class_marker\nclass Views:\n    def method(self): pass\n")
+    assert python_decorators(str(path)) == []
+    path.write_text("@replacement('/new')\ndef handler(): pass\n")
+    assert [(f.method, f.path) for f in python_decorators(str(path))] == [("replacement", "/new")]
+
+
+def test_parenthesized_and_compound_receivers_keep_binding_precision(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    facts = _facts(
+        tmp_path,
+        """
+        from vendor import Router
+        app = Router()
+
+        @((app)).get('/known')
+        def known(): ...
+
+        @(app or fallback).get('/unknown')
+        def unknown(): ...
+        """,
+    )
+    assert _summary(_only(facts, "known")) == (
+        "vendor.Router().get",
+        "call_result",
+        "get",
+        "/known",
+        "path_decorator",
+        "literal_path",
+    )
+    assert _summary(_only(facts, "unknown")) == (
+        None,
+        "ambiguous",
+        "get",
+        "/unknown",
+        "unknown",
+        "ambiguous_binding",
+    )
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("returned", ["lambda fn: other", "lambda fn, extra: fn"])
+def test_nonidentity_factories_are_not_suppressed(tmp_path: Path, returned: str) -> None:
+    facts = _facts(
+        tmp_path,
+        f"def lookup(path):\n    return {returned}\n@lookup('/x')\ndef handler(): pass\n",
+    )
+    assert _summary(_only(facts, "handler")) == (
+        "lookup",
+        "enclosing_local",
+        "lookup",
+        "/x",
+        "path_decorator",
+        "literal_path",
+    )
+
+
+def test_nonlocal_writes_invalidate_the_enclosing_receiver(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    facts = _facts(
+        tmp_path,
+        """
+        from vendor import Router
+        def setup():
+            app = Router()
+            def replace():
+                nonlocal app
+                app = other
+            @app.get('/x')
+            def handler(): ...
+        """,
+    )
+    assert _summary(_only(facts, "handler")) == (
+        None,
+        "ambiguous",
+        "get",
+        "/x",
+        "unknown",
+        "ambiguous_binding",
+    )
+
+
+def test_pattern_capture_shadows_the_global_receiver(tmp_path: Path) -> None:
+    facts = _facts(
+        tmp_path,
+        """
+        from vendor import Router
+        app = Router()
+        def setup(value):
+            match value:
+                case app:
+                    pass
+            @app.get('/x')
+            def handler(): ...
+        """,
+    )
+    assert _summary(_only(facts, "handler")) == (
+        None,
+        "ambiguous",
+        "get",
+        "/x",
+        "unknown",
+        "ambiguous_binding",
+    )
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("length", [118, 120, 121, 200])
+def test_long_argument_evidence_is_bounded_without_truncating_paths(
+    tmp_path: Path, length: int
+) -> None:
+    path = "/" + "x" * (length - 3)
+    argument = repr(path)
+    assert len(argument) == length
+    facts = _facts(tmp_path, f"@app.get({argument})\ndef handler(): pass\n")
+    fact = _only(facts, "handler")
+    assert fact.path == path
+    assert fact.arguments == (argument if length <= 120 else argument[:117] + "...",)