From 937abc1f034c1a92a599b731df09aa3fd5f7f48e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ryuukumar <adityakumar4644@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 26 Apr 2026 09:21:47 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 01/29] Add union for console char type

---
 kernel/include/kernel/console.h | 11 +++++++++++
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+)

diff --git a/kernel/include/kernel/console.h b/kernel/include/kernel/console.h
index 8e38c8ae..d264219f 100644
--- a/kernel/include/kernel/console.h
+++ b/kernel/include/kernel/console.h
@@ -6,6 +6,17 @@
 
 #define TAB_WIDTH 8
 
+typedef union {
+	uint32_t raw;
+	struct __attribute__((packed)) {
+		uint8_t		  dirty : 1;
+		unsigned char character : 7;
+		uint8_t		  red;
+		uint8_t		  green;
+		uint8_t		  blue;
+	};
+} console_char_t;
+
 void   set_update_on_putch (bool);
 bool   get_update_on_putch (void);
 void   set_idx (size_t);

From de120ef74a891d8334b7a18191d9e5937eaba625 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ryuukumar <adityakumar4644@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 15 May 2026 14:46:47 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 02/29] console -> oldconsole

---
 kernel/include/kclib/stdio.h                      | 2 +-
 kernel/include/kernel/{console.h => oldconsole.h} | 0
 kernel/src/kclib/stdio.c                          | 2 +-
 kernel/src/kernel/entry.c                         | 2 +-
 kernel/src/kernel/fs/chardev/chardev.c            | 2 +-
 kernel/src/kernel/{console.c => oldconsole.c}     | 2 +-
 6 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)
 rename kernel/include/kernel/{console.h => oldconsole.h} (100%)
 rename kernel/src/kernel/{console.c => oldconsole.c} (98%)

diff --git a/kernel/include/kclib/stdio.h b/kernel/include/kclib/stdio.h
index 8811d8f9..1f2fc495 100644
--- a/kernel/include/kclib/stdio.h
+++ b/kernel/include/kclib/stdio.h
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include <kernel/console.h>
+#include <kernel/oldconsole.h>
 #include <stdarg.h>
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stddef.h>
diff --git a/kernel/include/kernel/console.h b/kernel/include/kernel/oldconsole.h
similarity index 100%
rename from kernel/include/kernel/console.h
rename to kernel/include/kernel/oldconsole.h
diff --git a/kernel/src/kclib/stdio.c b/kernel/src/kclib/stdio.c
index 5f0468f6..fda8b6e8 100644
--- a/kernel/src/kclib/stdio.c
+++ b/kernel/src/kclib/stdio.c
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #include <kclib/stdio.h>
 #include <kclib/string.h>
-#include <kernel/console.h>
+#include <kernel/oldconsole.h>
 #include <kernel/serial.h>
 #include <liballoc/liballoc.h>
 
diff --git a/kernel/src/kernel/entry.c b/kernel/src/kernel/entry.c
index 7fcf9fef..0a9b9643 100644
--- a/kernel/src/kernel/entry.c
+++ b/kernel/src/kernel/entry.c
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #include <kclib/stdio.h>
 #include <kclib/string.h>
 #include <kernel/acpi/acpi.h>
-#include <kernel/console.h>
+#include <kernel/oldconsole.h>
 #include <kernel/elf.h>
 #include <kernel/exec.h>
 #include <kernel/fs/chardev.h>
diff --git a/kernel/src/kernel/fs/chardev/chardev.c b/kernel/src/kernel/fs/chardev/chardev.c
index 32db773b..a9027915 100644
--- a/kernel/src/kernel/fs/chardev/chardev.c
+++ b/kernel/src/kernel/fs/chardev/chardev.c
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #include <kclib/ctype.h>
 #include <kclib/stdio.h>
 #include <kclib/string.h>
-#include <kernel/console.h>
+#include <kernel/oldconsole.h>
 #include <kernel/error.h>
 #include <kernel/fs/chardev.h>
 #include <kernel/fs/stat.h>
diff --git a/kernel/src/kernel/console.c b/kernel/src/kernel/oldconsole.c
similarity index 98%
rename from kernel/src/kernel/console.c
rename to kernel/src/kernel/oldconsole.c
index f8ebebe3..fa8ecd1b 100644
--- a/kernel/src/kernel/console.c
+++ b/kernel/src/kernel/oldconsole.c
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #include <kclib/ctype.h>
 #include <kclib/string.h>
-#include <kernel/console.h>
+#include <kernel/oldconsole.h>
 #include <kernel/graphics.h>
 #include <kernel/hardfonts/classic.h>
 #include <stddef.h>

From 0ef55c443320e6b9db4aedf05a9e096c6dc36f37 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ryuukumar <adityakumar4644@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 15 May 2026 17:26:42 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 03/29] Format

---
 kernel/src/kernel/entry.c              | 2 +-
 kernel/src/kernel/fs/chardev/chardev.c | 2 +-
 kernel/src/kernel/oldconsole.c         | 2 +-
 3 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/kernel/src/kernel/entry.c b/kernel/src/kernel/entry.c
index 0a9b9643..b8b86dd6 100644
--- a/kernel/src/kernel/entry.c
+++ b/kernel/src/kernel/entry.c
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 #include <kclib/stdio.h>
 #include <kclib/string.h>
 #include <kernel/acpi/acpi.h>
-#include <kernel/oldconsole.h>
 #include <kernel/elf.h>
 #include <kernel/exec.h>
 #include <kernel/fs/chardev.h>
@@ -17,6 +16,7 @@
 #include <kernel/idt.h>
 #include <kernel/limine.h>
 #include <kernel/memmgt.h>
+#include <kernel/oldconsole.h>
 #include <kernel/process.h>
 #include <kernel/serial.h>
 #include <kernel/stack.h>
diff --git a/kernel/src/kernel/fs/chardev/chardev.c b/kernel/src/kernel/fs/chardev/chardev.c
index a9027915..ae22d796 100644
--- a/kernel/src/kernel/fs/chardev/chardev.c
+++ b/kernel/src/kernel/fs/chardev/chardev.c
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 #include <kclib/ctype.h>
 #include <kclib/stdio.h>
 #include <kclib/string.h>
-#include <kernel/oldconsole.h>
 #include <kernel/error.h>
 #include <kernel/fs/chardev.h>
 #include <kernel/fs/stat.h>
 #include <kernel/hw/keyboard.h>
+#include <kernel/oldconsole.h>
 #include <kernel/process.h>
 #include <liballoc/liballoc.h>
 
diff --git a/kernel/src/kernel/oldconsole.c b/kernel/src/kernel/oldconsole.c
index fa8ecd1b..b331dc54 100644
--- a/kernel/src/kernel/oldconsole.c
+++ b/kernel/src/kernel/oldconsole.c
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 #include <kclib/ctype.h>
 #include <kclib/string.h>
-#include <kernel/oldconsole.h>
 #include <kernel/graphics.h>
 #include <kernel/hardfonts/classic.h>
+#include <kernel/oldconsole.h>
 #include <stddef.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 

From bf5c5a4580d32bc558290263bba9cd2c21b21c0a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ryuukumar <adityakumar4644@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 15 May 2026 17:26:55 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 04/29] Start implementing a console data structure

---
 kernel/include/kernel/con/con_ds.h | 51 +++++++++++++++++++
 kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c     | 80 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 131 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 kernel/include/kernel/con/con_ds.h
 create mode 100644 kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c

diff --git a/kernel/include/kernel/con/con_ds.h b/kernel/include/kernel/con/con_ds.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..96783d13
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kernel/include/kernel/con/con_ds.h
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <utils/varray.h>
+
+#define CON_IDX_X(idx) (idx & 0xFFFFFFFF)
+#define CON_IDX_Y(idx) ((idx & (0xFFFFFFFF << 32)) >> 32)
+
+typedef uint64_t idx_t;
+
+typedef struct __attribute__ ((packed)) {
+	uint8_t red;
+	uint8_t green;
+	uint8_t blue;
+} console_color_t;
+
+typedef struct __attribute__ ((packed)) {
+	unsigned char	character;
+	console_color_t color;
+} console_char_t;
+
+typedef struct __attribute__ ((packed)) {
+	console_char_t* chars;
+	size_t			width;
+	uint8_t			dirty;
+} console_line_t;
+
+typedef struct __attribute__ ((packed)) {
+	varray*			lines;
+	size_t			count_lines;
+	size_t			con_width, con_height;
+	idx_t			idx;
+	console_color_t current_color;
+	size_t			currline_offset_from_bottom;
+} console_t;
+
+int console_create (console_t** console, size_t width, size_t height);
+int console_delete (console_t** console);
+
+int console_putchar (console_t** console, unsigned char c);
+int console_setcolor (console_t** console, uint8_t red, uint8_t green, uint8_t blue);
+int console_goto (console_t** console, uint32_t x, uint32_t y);
+
+int console_scrollup (console_t** console, size_t howmuch);
+int console_scrolldown (console_t** console, size_t howmuch);
+int console_setbottomoffset (console_t** console, size_t howmuch);
+int console_clearscrollback (console_t** console);
+
+idx_t			console_getidx (console_t** console);
+console_color_t console_getcolor (console_t** console);
diff --git a/kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c b/kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0a6280af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+#include "utils/varray.h"
+#include <kclib/string.h>
+#include <kernel/con/con_ds.h>
+#include <kernel/error.h>
+#include <liballoc/liballoc.h>
+
+int console_create (console_t** console, size_t width, size_t height) {
+	if (!console) return -EINVAL;
+
+	console_t* new_console = kmalloc (sizeof (console));
+	if (!new_console) return -ENOMEM;
+
+	kmemset (new_console, 0, sizeof (console));
+	new_console->lines = varray_create (width);
+	if (!new_console->lines) return -ENOMEM;
+
+	new_console->con_width = width;
+	new_console->con_height = height;
+
+	new_console->current_color.red = 0xFF;
+	new_console->current_color.green = 0xFF;
+	new_console->current_color.blue = 0xFF;
+
+	new_console->currline_offset_from_bottom = height - 1;
+
+	*console = new_console;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int console_delete (console_t** console) {
+	if (!console || !(*console)) return -EINVAL;
+	return -ENOSYS;
+}
+
+int console_putchar (console_t** console, unsigned char c) {
+	(void)c;
+	if (!console || !(*console)) return -EINVAL;
+	return -ENOSYS;
+}
+
+int console_setcolor (console_t** console, uint8_t red, uint8_t green, uint8_t blue) {
+	if (!console || !(*console)) return -EINVAL;
+	(*console)->current_color.red = red;
+	(*console)->current_color.red = green;
+	(*console)->current_color.red = blue;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int console_goto (console_t** console, uint32_t x, uint32_t y) {
+	if (!console || !(*console)) return -EINVAL;
+	(*console)->idx = ((uint64_t)x << 32) || (uint64_t)y;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int console_scrollup (console_t** console, size_t howmuch) {
+	(void)howmuch;
+	if (!console || !(*console)) return -EINVAL;
+	return -ENOSYS;
+}
+
+int console_scrolldown (console_t** console, size_t howmuch) {
+	(void)howmuch;
+	if (!console || !(*console)) return -EINVAL;
+	return -ENOSYS;
+}
+
+int console_setbottomoffset (console_t** console, size_t howmuch) {
+	if (!console || !(*console)) return -EINVAL;
+	(*console)->currline_offset_from_bottom = howmuch;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int console_clearscrollback (console_t** console) {
+	if (!console || !(*console)) return -EINVAL;
+	return -ENOSYS;
+}
+
+idx_t console_getidx (console_t** console) { return (*console)->idx; }
+
+console_color_t console_getcolor (console_t** console) { return (*console)->current_color; }

From b36af7001b3c5bcb40d857e1801c5a033bd6d72e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ryuukumar <adityakumar4644@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 15 May 2026 17:28:01 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 05/29] Remove old console_char_t and stub out con.h

---
 kernel/include/kernel/con/con.h    | 17 +++++++++++++++++
 kernel/include/kernel/oldconsole.h | 11 -----------
 kernel/src/kernel/con/con.c        | 11 +++++++++++
 3 files changed, 28 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 kernel/include/kernel/con/con.h
 create mode 100644 kernel/src/kernel/con/con.c

diff --git a/kernel/include/kernel/con/con.h b/kernel/include/kernel/con/con.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3db88f2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kernel/include/kernel/con/con.h
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <utils/varray.h>
+
+#ifdef TAB_WIDTH
+#undef TAB_WIDTH
+#endif
+
+typedef struct {
+	size_t lpad, rpad, tpad, bpad;
+} pad_t;
+
+int	 add_char (unsigned char c);
+void init_con (size_t screen_width, size_t screen_height, pad_t* con_padding, size_t char_spacing,
+			   size_t line_padding, size_t font_multiplier);
diff --git a/kernel/include/kernel/oldconsole.h b/kernel/include/kernel/oldconsole.h
index d264219f..8e38c8ae 100644
--- a/kernel/include/kernel/oldconsole.h
+++ b/kernel/include/kernel/oldconsole.h
@@ -6,17 +6,6 @@
 
 #define TAB_WIDTH 8
 
-typedef union {
-	uint32_t raw;
-	struct __attribute__((packed)) {
-		uint8_t		  dirty : 1;
-		unsigned char character : 7;
-		uint8_t		  red;
-		uint8_t		  green;
-		uint8_t		  blue;
-	};
-} console_char_t;
-
 void   set_update_on_putch (bool);
 bool   get_update_on_putch (void);
 void   set_idx (size_t);
diff --git a/kernel/src/kernel/con/con.c b/kernel/src/kernel/con/con.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b75b92fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kernel/src/kernel/con/con.c
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#include <kernel/con/con.h>
+#include <kernel/con/con_ds.h>
+
+static console_t* console = nullptr;
+
+int add_char (unsigned char c) {}
+
+void init_con (size_t screen_width, size_t screen_height, pad_t* con_padding, size_t char_spacing,
+			   size_t line_padding, size_t font_multiplier) {
+
+};

From 95ab0c1c0443bcdbdfcc123a39c620080b52cd2e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ryuukumar <adityakumar4644@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 15 May 2026 21:04:52 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 06/29] Unstub some scroll functions

---
 kernel/include/kernel/con/con_ds.h |  2 +-
 kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c     | 20 ++++++++++++++------
 2 files changed, 15 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/kernel/include/kernel/con/con_ds.h b/kernel/include/kernel/con/con_ds.h
index 96783d13..d18b8348 100644
--- a/kernel/include/kernel/con/con_ds.h
+++ b/kernel/include/kernel/con/con_ds.h
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 #include <utils/varray.h>
 
 #define CON_IDX_X(idx) (idx & 0xFFFFFFFF)
-#define CON_IDX_Y(idx) ((idx & (0xFFFFFFFF << 32)) >> 32)
+#define CON_IDX_Y(idx) ((idx & (0xFFFFFFFFull << 32)) >> 32)
 
 typedef uint64_t idx_t;
 
diff --git a/kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c b/kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c
index 0a6280af..9e22a5a2 100644
--- a/kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c
+++ b/kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@
 #include <kernel/error.h>
 #include <liballoc/liballoc.h>
 
+#define CON_SCROLLBACK_LIMIT 10000
+
 int console_create (console_t** console, size_t width, size_t height) {
 	if (!console) return -EINVAL;
 
@@ -11,7 +13,7 @@ int console_create (console_t** console, size_t width, size_t height) {
 	if (!new_console) return -ENOMEM;
 
 	kmemset (new_console, 0, sizeof (console));
-	new_console->lines = varray_create (width);
+	new_console->lines = varray_create (height);
 	if (!new_console->lines) return -ENOMEM;
 
 	new_console->con_width = width;
@@ -32,8 +34,14 @@ int console_delete (console_t** console) {
 	return -ENOSYS;
 }
 
+static console_char_t* console_resolve_chidx (console_t** console, idx_t idx) {
+	size_t lines_idx = varray_size((*console)->lines)-1 - (*console)->currline_offset_from_bottom + CON_IDX_Y(idx);
+	size_t char_idx = CON_IDX_X(idx);
+
+	return nullptr;
+}
+
 int console_putchar (console_t** console, unsigned char c) {
-	(void)c;
 	if (!console || !(*console)) return -EINVAL;
 	return -ENOSYS;
 }
@@ -53,15 +61,15 @@ int console_goto (console_t** console, uint32_t x, uint32_t y) {
 }
 
 int console_scrollup (console_t** console, size_t howmuch) {
-	(void)howmuch;
 	if (!console || !(*console)) return -EINVAL;
-	return -ENOSYS;
+	(*console)->currline_offset_from_bottom -= howmuch;
+	return 0;
 }
 
 int console_scrolldown (console_t** console, size_t howmuch) {
-	(void)howmuch;
 	if (!console || !(*console)) return -EINVAL;
-	return -ENOSYS;
+	(*console)->currline_offset_from_bottom += howmuch;
+	return 0;
 }
 
 int console_setbottomoffset (console_t** console, size_t howmuch) {

From 9b712f9edf011e71e499ea073610fd8776c60436 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ryuukumar <adityakumar4644@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 15 May 2026 22:45:14 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 07/29] Adapt the console structure to deque

---
 kernel/include/kernel/con/con_ds.h | 15 +++---
 kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c     | 86 +++++++++++++++++++++---------
 2 files changed, 68 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-)

diff --git a/kernel/include/kernel/con/con_ds.h b/kernel/include/kernel/con/con_ds.h
index d18b8348..1f810141 100644
--- a/kernel/include/kernel/con/con_ds.h
+++ b/kernel/include/kernel/con/con_ds.h
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 #include <stddef.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
-#include <utils/varray.h>
+#include <utils/deque.h>
 
 #define CON_IDX_X(idx) (idx & 0xFFFFFFFF)
 #define CON_IDX_Y(idx) ((idx & (0xFFFFFFFFull << 32)) >> 32)
@@ -27,12 +27,12 @@ typedef struct __attribute__ ((packed)) {
 } console_line_t;
 
 typedef struct __attribute__ ((packed)) {
-	varray*			lines;
-	size_t			count_lines;
-	size_t			con_width, con_height;
-	idx_t			idx;
-	console_color_t current_color;
-	size_t			currline_offset_from_bottom;
+	size_t			 width, height;
+	console_line_t** display;
+	deque*			 scrollback;
+	deque*			 scrollfront;
+	idx_t			 idx;
+	console_color_t	 current_color;
 } console_t;
 
 int console_create (console_t** console, size_t width, size_t height);
@@ -44,7 +44,6 @@ int console_goto (console_t** console, uint32_t x, uint32_t y);
 
 int console_scrollup (console_t** console, size_t howmuch);
 int console_scrolldown (console_t** console, size_t howmuch);
-int console_setbottomoffset (console_t** console, size_t howmuch);
 int console_clearscrollback (console_t** console);
 
 idx_t			console_getidx (console_t** console);
diff --git a/kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c b/kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c
index 9e22a5a2..4464a710 100644
--- a/kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c
+++ b/kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c
@@ -1,31 +1,47 @@
-#include "utils/varray.h"
+#include "utils/deque.h"
 #include <kclib/string.h>
 #include <kernel/con/con_ds.h>
 #include <kernel/error.h>
 #include <liballoc/liballoc.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
 
 #define CON_SCROLLBACK_LIMIT 10000
 
 int console_create (console_t** console, size_t width, size_t height) {
 	if (!console) return -EINVAL;
 
-	console_t* new_console = kmalloc (sizeof (console));
+	console_t* new_console = kmalloc (sizeof (console_t));
 	if (!new_console) return -ENOMEM;
 
-	kmemset (new_console, 0, sizeof (console));
-	new_console->lines = varray_create (height);
-	if (!new_console->lines) return -ENOMEM;
+	kmemset (new_console, 0, sizeof (console_t));
 
-	new_console->con_width = width;
-	new_console->con_height = height;
+	new_console->scrollback = deque_create (0);
+	new_console->scrollfront = deque_create (0);
+	if (!new_console->scrollback || !new_console->scrollfront) return -ENOMEM;
+
+	new_console->display = kmalloc (height * sizeof (console_line_t*));
+	if (!new_console->display) return -ENOMEM;
+
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < height; i++) {
+		new_console->display[i] = kmalloc (sizeof (console_line_t));
+		if (!new_console->display[i]) return -ENOMEM;
+
+		new_console->display[i]->chars = kmalloc (width * sizeof (console_char_t));
+		if (!new_console->display[i]->chars) return -ENOMEM;
+
+		new_console->display[i]->dirty = 0;
+		new_console->display[i]->width = width;
+	}
 
 	new_console->current_color.red = 0xFF;
 	new_console->current_color.green = 0xFF;
 	new_console->current_color.blue = 0xFF;
 
-	new_console->currline_offset_from_bottom = height - 1;
+	new_console->height = height;
+	new_console->width = width;
 
 	*console = new_console;
+
 	return 0;
 }
 
@@ -34,13 +50,6 @@ int console_delete (console_t** console) {
 	return -ENOSYS;
 }
 
-static console_char_t* console_resolve_chidx (console_t** console, idx_t idx) {
-	size_t lines_idx = varray_size((*console)->lines)-1 - (*console)->currline_offset_from_bottom + CON_IDX_Y(idx);
-	size_t char_idx = CON_IDX_X(idx);
-
-	return nullptr;
-}
-
 int console_putchar (console_t** console, unsigned char c) {
 	if (!console || !(*console)) return -EINVAL;
 	return -ENOSYS;
@@ -49,32 +58,59 @@ int console_putchar (console_t** console, unsigned char c) {
 int console_setcolor (console_t** console, uint8_t red, uint8_t green, uint8_t blue) {
 	if (!console || !(*console)) return -EINVAL;
 	(*console)->current_color.red = red;
-	(*console)->current_color.red = green;
-	(*console)->current_color.red = blue;
+	(*console)->current_color.green = green;
+	(*console)->current_color.blue = blue;
 	return 0;
 }
 
 int console_goto (console_t** console, uint32_t x, uint32_t y) {
 	if (!console || !(*console)) return -EINVAL;
-	(*console)->idx = ((uint64_t)x << 32) || (uint64_t)y;
+	(*console)->idx = ((uint64_t)y << 32) | (uint64_t)x;
 	return 0;
 }
 
 int console_scrollup (console_t** console, size_t howmuch) {
 	if (!console || !(*console)) return -EINVAL;
-	(*console)->currline_offset_from_bottom -= howmuch;
+
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < howmuch; i++) {
+		console_line_t* popped = nullptr;
+		int				error = deque_pop_front ((*console)->scrollback, (deque_elem*)&popped);
+		if (error == -INTERNAL_EEMPQ)
+			break;
+		else if (error != 0)
+			return error;
+
+		error = deque_push_front ((*console)->scrollfront,
+								  (deque_elem)(*console)->display[(*console)->height - 1]);
+		if (error) return error;
+
+		for (size_t j = (*console)->height - 1; j > 0; j--)
+			(*console)->display[j] = (*console)->display[j - 1];
+		(*console)->display[0] = popped;
+	}
+
 	return 0;
 }
 
 int console_scrolldown (console_t** console, size_t howmuch) {
 	if (!console || !(*console)) return -EINVAL;
-	(*console)->currline_offset_from_bottom += howmuch;
-	return 0;
-}
 
-int console_setbottomoffset (console_t** console, size_t howmuch) {
-	if (!console || !(*console)) return -EINVAL;
-	(*console)->currline_offset_from_bottom = howmuch;
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < howmuch; i++) {
+		console_line_t* popped = nullptr;
+		int				error = deque_pop_front ((*console)->scrollfront, (deque_elem*)&popped);
+		if (error == -INTERNAL_EEMPQ)
+			break;
+		else if (error != 0)
+			return error;
+
+		error = deque_push_front ((*console)->scrollback, (deque_elem)(*console)->display[0]);
+		if (error) return error;
+
+		for (size_t j = 0; j < (*console)->height - 1; j++)
+			(*console)->display[j] = (*console)->display[j + 1];
+		(*console)->display[(*console)->height - 1] = popped;
+	}
+
 	return 0;
 }
 

From 40240a41db13ae7a4bb6c348dd4ff4046a699e60 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ryuukumar <adityakumar4644@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 15 May 2026 23:16:22 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 08/29] Implement console_putchar and console_clearscrollback

---
 kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c | 21 +++++++++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c b/kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c
index 4464a710..ab6a13bd 100644
--- a/kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c
+++ b/kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c
@@ -52,7 +52,12 @@ int console_delete (console_t** console) {
 
 int console_putchar (console_t** console, unsigned char c) {
 	if (!console || !(*console)) return -EINVAL;
-	return -ENOSYS;
+
+	console_char_t* target = &(*console)->display[CON_IDX_Y((*console)->idx)]->chars[CON_IDX_X((*console)->idx)];
+	target->character = c;
+	target->color = (*console)->current_color;
+
+	return 0;
 }
 
 int console_setcolor (console_t** console, uint8_t red, uint8_t green, uint8_t blue) {
@@ -116,7 +121,19 @@ int console_scrolldown (console_t** console, size_t howmuch) {
 
 int console_clearscrollback (console_t** console) {
 	if (!console || !(*console)) return -EINVAL;
-	return -ENOSYS;
+
+	console_line_t* popped = nullptr;
+	do {
+		int error = deque_pop_front ((*console)->scrollback, (deque_elem*)&popped);
+		if (error == -INTERNAL_EEMPQ)
+			break;
+		else if (error != 0)
+			return error;
+		kfree(popped->chars);
+		kfree(popped);
+	} while (1);
+
+	return 0;
 }
 
 idx_t console_getidx (console_t** console) { return (*console)->idx; }

From dc6c7843e5731ba013c1a3c349a60534120dcdac Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ryuukumar <adityakumar4644@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 15 May 2026 23:32:26 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 09/29] Add console_parameters_t + write_to_gfx

---
 kernel/include/kernel/con/con_ds.h | 29 +++++++++++------
 kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c     | 51 ++++++++++++++++++++----------
 2 files changed, 54 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-)

diff --git a/kernel/include/kernel/con/con_ds.h b/kernel/include/kernel/con/con_ds.h
index 1f810141..8c85b563 100644
--- a/kernel/include/kernel/con/con_ds.h
+++ b/kernel/include/kernel/con/con_ds.h
@@ -4,8 +4,9 @@
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <utils/deque.h>
 
-#define CON_IDX_X(idx) (idx & 0xFFFFFFFF)
-#define CON_IDX_Y(idx) ((idx & (0xFFFFFFFFull << 32)) >> 32)
+#define CON_IDX_X(idx)	   (idx & 0xFFFFFFFF)
+#define CON_IDX_Y(idx)	   ((idx & (0xFFFFFFFFull << 32)) >> 32)
+#define CON_COL_RGB(color) ((color.red << 16) & (color.green << 8) & color.blue)
 
 typedef uint64_t idx_t;
 
@@ -26,16 +27,24 @@ typedef struct __attribute__ ((packed)) {
 	uint8_t			dirty;
 } console_line_t;
 
+typedef struct {
+	size_t glyph_height, glyph_width;
+	size_t line_spacing, char_spacing;
+	size_t xpad, ypad;
+	size_t width, height;
+	size_t font_size;
+} console_parameters_t;
+
 typedef struct __attribute__ ((packed)) {
-	size_t			 width, height;
-	console_line_t** display;
-	deque*			 scrollback;
-	deque*			 scrollfront;
-	idx_t			 idx;
-	console_color_t	 current_color;
+	console_line_t**	 display;
+	deque*				 scrollback;
+	deque*				 scrollfront;
+	idx_t				 idx;
+	console_color_t		 current_color;
+	console_parameters_t params;
 } console_t;
 
-int console_create (console_t** console, size_t width, size_t height);
+int console_create (console_t** console, console_parameters_t* params);
 int console_delete (console_t** console);
 
 int console_putchar (console_t** console, unsigned char c);
@@ -48,3 +57,5 @@ int console_clearscrollback (console_t** console);
 
 idx_t			console_getidx (console_t** console);
 console_color_t console_getcolor (console_t** console);
+
+int write_to_gfx (console_t** console);
diff --git a/kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c b/kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c
index ab6a13bd..e8d0548e 100644
--- a/kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c
+++ b/kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c
@@ -1,14 +1,15 @@
-#include "utils/deque.h"
 #include <kclib/string.h>
 #include <kernel/con/con_ds.h>
 #include <kernel/error.h>
+#include <kernel/graphics.h>
+#include <kernel/hardfonts/classic.h>
 #include <liballoc/liballoc.h>
 #include <stddef.h>
 
 #define CON_SCROLLBACK_LIMIT 10000
 
-int console_create (console_t** console, size_t width, size_t height) {
-	if (!console) return -EINVAL;
+int console_create (console_t** console, console_parameters_t* params) {
+	if (!console || !params) return -EINVAL;
 
 	console_t* new_console = kmalloc (sizeof (console_t));
 	if (!new_console) return -ENOMEM;
@@ -19,26 +20,24 @@ int console_create (console_t** console, size_t width, size_t height) {
 	new_console->scrollfront = deque_create (0);
 	if (!new_console->scrollback || !new_console->scrollfront) return -ENOMEM;
 
-	new_console->display = kmalloc (height * sizeof (console_line_t*));
+	new_console->display = kmalloc (params->height * sizeof (console_line_t*));
 	if (!new_console->display) return -ENOMEM;
 
-	for (size_t i = 0; i < height; i++) {
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < params->height; i++) {
 		new_console->display[i] = kmalloc (sizeof (console_line_t));
 		if (!new_console->display[i]) return -ENOMEM;
 
-		new_console->display[i]->chars = kmalloc (width * sizeof (console_char_t));
+		new_console->display[i]->chars = kmalloc (params->width * sizeof (console_char_t));
 		if (!new_console->display[i]->chars) return -ENOMEM;
 
 		new_console->display[i]->dirty = 0;
-		new_console->display[i]->width = width;
+		new_console->display[i]->width = params->width;
 	}
 
 	new_console->current_color.red = 0xFF;
 	new_console->current_color.green = 0xFF;
 	new_console->current_color.blue = 0xFF;
-
-	new_console->height = height;
-	new_console->width = width;
+	new_console->params = *params;
 
 	*console = new_console;
 
@@ -53,7 +52,8 @@ int console_delete (console_t** console) {
 int console_putchar (console_t** console, unsigned char c) {
 	if (!console || !(*console)) return -EINVAL;
 
-	console_char_t* target = &(*console)->display[CON_IDX_Y((*console)->idx)]->chars[CON_IDX_X((*console)->idx)];
+	console_char_t* target =
+		&(*console)->display[CON_IDX_Y ((*console)->idx)]->chars[CON_IDX_X ((*console)->idx)];
 	target->character = c;
 	target->color = (*console)->current_color;
 
@@ -86,10 +86,10 @@ int console_scrollup (console_t** console, size_t howmuch) {
 			return error;
 
 		error = deque_push_front ((*console)->scrollfront,
-								  (deque_elem)(*console)->display[(*console)->height - 1]);
+								  (deque_elem)(*console)->display[(*console)->params.height - 1]);
 		if (error) return error;
 
-		for (size_t j = (*console)->height - 1; j > 0; j--)
+		for (size_t j = (*console)->params.height - 1; j > 0; j--)
 			(*console)->display[j] = (*console)->display[j - 1];
 		(*console)->display[0] = popped;
 	}
@@ -111,9 +111,9 @@ int console_scrolldown (console_t** console, size_t howmuch) {
 		error = deque_push_front ((*console)->scrollback, (deque_elem)(*console)->display[0]);
 		if (error) return error;
 
-		for (size_t j = 0; j < (*console)->height - 1; j++)
+		for (size_t j = 0; j < (*console)->params.height - 1; j++)
 			(*console)->display[j] = (*console)->display[j + 1];
-		(*console)->display[(*console)->height - 1] = popped;
+		(*console)->display[(*console)->params.height - 1] = popped;
 	}
 
 	return 0;
@@ -129,8 +129,8 @@ int console_clearscrollback (console_t** console) {
 			break;
 		else if (error != 0)
 			return error;
-		kfree(popped->chars);
-		kfree(popped);
+		kfree (popped->chars);
+		kfree (popped);
 	} while (1);
 
 	return 0;
@@ -139,3 +139,20 @@ int console_clearscrollback (console_t** console) {
 idx_t console_getidx (console_t** console) { return (*console)->idx; }
 
 console_color_t console_getcolor (console_t** console) { return (*console)->current_color; }
+
+int write_to_gfx (console_t** console) {
+	if (!console || !(*console)) return -EINVAL;
+
+	console_parameters_t* params = &(*console)->params;
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < params->height; i++) {
+		if (!(*console)->display[i]->dirty) continue;
+		console_char_t* target = (*console)->display[i]->chars;
+
+		for (size_t j = 0; j < params->width; j++) {
+			renderGlyph (glyph (target[j].character), 8, 5,
+						 params->xpad + (params->font_size * j * (5 + params->char_spacing)),
+						 params->ypad + (params->font_size * i * (8 + params->line_spacing)),
+						 params->font_size, CON_COL_RGB (target[j].color));
+		}
+	}
+}

From c150b0b362a04e84e018a6abb51a85faa1de3775 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ryuukumar <adityakumar4644@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 15 May 2026 23:33:04 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 10/29] Return 0

---
 kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c b/kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c
index e8d0548e..9a49ae08 100644
--- a/kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c
+++ b/kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c
@@ -155,4 +155,6 @@ int write_to_gfx (console_t** console) {
 						 params->font_size, CON_COL_RGB (target[j].color));
 		}
 	}
+
+	return 0;
 }

From 7be7f9d7971903e8d8b87533d8590343d4567c00 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ryuukumar <adityakumar4644@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 15 May 2026 23:36:08 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 11/29] Set dirty flag where appropriate

---
 kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c | 15 +++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c b/kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c
index 9a49ae08..bb21b495 100644
--- a/kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c
+++ b/kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c
@@ -56,6 +56,7 @@ int console_putchar (console_t** console, unsigned char c) {
 		&(*console)->display[CON_IDX_Y ((*console)->idx)]->chars[CON_IDX_X ((*console)->idx)];
 	target->character = c;
 	target->color = (*console)->current_color;
+	(*console)->display[CON_IDX_Y ((*console)->idx)]->dirty = 1;
 
 	return 0;
 }
@@ -89,9 +90,13 @@ int console_scrollup (console_t** console, size_t howmuch) {
 								  (deque_elem)(*console)->display[(*console)->params.height - 1]);
 		if (error) return error;
 
-		for (size_t j = (*console)->params.height - 1; j > 0; j--)
+		for (size_t j = (*console)->params.height - 1; j > 0; j--) {
 			(*console)->display[j] = (*console)->display[j - 1];
+			(*console)->display[j]->dirty = 1;
+		}
+
 		(*console)->display[0] = popped;
+		(*console)->display[0]->dirty = 1;
 	}
 
 	return 0;
@@ -111,9 +116,13 @@ int console_scrolldown (console_t** console, size_t howmuch) {
 		error = deque_push_front ((*console)->scrollback, (deque_elem)(*console)->display[0]);
 		if (error) return error;
 
-		for (size_t j = 0; j < (*console)->params.height - 1; j++)
+		for (size_t j = 0; j < (*console)->params.height - 1; j++) {
 			(*console)->display[j] = (*console)->display[j + 1];
+			(*console)->display[j]->dirty = 1;
+		}
+
 		(*console)->display[(*console)->params.height - 1] = popped;
+		(*console)->display[(*console)->params.height - 1]->dirty = 1;
 	}
 
 	return 0;
@@ -154,6 +163,8 @@ int write_to_gfx (console_t** console) {
 						 params->ypad + (params->font_size * i * (8 + params->line_spacing)),
 						 params->font_size, CON_COL_RGB (target[j].color));
 		}
+
+		(*console)->display[i]->dirty = 0;
 	}
 
 	return 0;

From 147e694ee0a27aebf6a1c25c5de88ead99154ea6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ryuukumar <adityakumar4644@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 15 May 2026 23:47:25 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 12/29] If index exceeds printable area, expand it

---
 kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c | 18 ++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 18 insertions(+)

diff --git a/kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c b/kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c
index bb21b495..164fb255 100644
--- a/kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c
+++ b/kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 #include <kernel/hardfonts/classic.h>
 #include <liballoc/liballoc.h>
 #include <stddef.h>
+#include <utils/deque.h>
 
 #define CON_SCROLLBACK_LIMIT 10000
 
@@ -58,6 +59,23 @@ int console_putchar (console_t** console, unsigned char c) {
 	target->color = (*console)->current_color;
 	(*console)->display[CON_IDX_Y ((*console)->idx)]->dirty = 1;
 
+	(*console)->idx++;
+	if ((*console)->idx > (*console)->params.width * (*console)->params.height) { 
+		console_line_t* new_line = kmalloc (sizeof (console_line_t));
+		if (!new_line) return -ENOMEM;
+
+		new_line->chars = kmalloc ((*console)->params.width * sizeof (console_char_t));
+		if (!new_line->chars) return -ENOMEM;
+
+		new_line->dirty = 0;
+		new_line->width = (*console)->params.width;
+
+		int error = deque_push_front ((*console)->scrollfront, (deque_elem)new_line);
+		if (error) return error;
+
+		console_scrolldown (console, 1);
+	}
+
 	return 0;
 }
 

From 9be21c4abd8e924b516b5b651c5ce54378c7a695 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ryuukumar <adityakumar4644@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 15 May 2026 23:52:51 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 13/29] Enforce scrollback limit and always print on newest
 line

---
 kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c | 15 ++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c b/kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c
index 164fb255..9f406dc2 100644
--- a/kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c
+++ b/kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c
@@ -53,6 +53,9 @@ int console_delete (console_t** console) {
 int console_putchar (console_t** console, unsigned char c) {
 	if (!console || !(*console)) return -EINVAL;
 
+	// clear the scrollfront so we are always printing on the newest line
+	console_scrolldown (console, deque_size ((*console)->scrollfront));
+
 	console_char_t* target =
 		&(*console)->display[CON_IDX_Y ((*console)->idx)]->chars[CON_IDX_X ((*console)->idx)];
 	target->character = c;
@@ -60,7 +63,7 @@ int console_putchar (console_t** console, unsigned char c) {
 	(*console)->display[CON_IDX_Y ((*console)->idx)]->dirty = 1;
 
 	(*console)->idx++;
-	if ((*console)->idx > (*console)->params.width * (*console)->params.height) { 
+	if ((*console)->idx > (*console)->params.width * (*console)->params.height) {
 		console_line_t* new_line = kmalloc (sizeof (console_line_t));
 		if (!new_line) return -ENOMEM;
 
@@ -74,6 +77,16 @@ int console_putchar (console_t** console, unsigned char c) {
 		if (error) return error;
 
 		console_scrolldown (console, 1);
+		(*console)->idx -= (*console)->params.width;
+	}
+
+	while (deque_size ((*console)->scrollback) > CON_SCROLLBACK_LIMIT) {
+		deque_elem* buf = nullptr;
+		int			error = deque_pop_back ((*console)->scrollback, buf);
+		if (error == -INTERNAL_EEMPQ)
+			break;
+		else if (error != 0)
+			return error;
 	}
 
 	return 0;

From 9392d0cc9ad607e6ba2fdf8ba086af4b02c86ace Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ryuukumar <adityakumar4644@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 16 May 2026 00:12:27 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 14/29] Add comments + handle \n

---
 kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c | 100 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 94 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c b/kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c
index 9f406dc2..c1a02674 100644
--- a/kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c
+++ b/kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c
@@ -9,6 +9,12 @@
 
 #define CON_SCROLLBACK_LIMIT 10000
 
+/*!
+ * Allocate and initialise a new console object.
+ * @param console pointer to console_t* which will hold the reference to created console
+ * @param params initialisation parameters for the console
+ * @return 0 if successful, else -EINVAL or -ENOMEM
+ */
 int console_create (console_t** console, console_parameters_t* params) {
 	if (!console || !params) return -EINVAL;
 
@@ -45,24 +51,50 @@ int console_create (console_t** console, console_parameters_t* params) {
 	return 0;
 }
 
+/*!
+ * Deallocate an existing console object.
+ * @param console pointer to console_t* which holds the reference to console
+ * @return 0 if successful, else -EINVAL
+ */
 int console_delete (console_t** console) {
 	if (!console || !(*console)) return -EINVAL;
 	return -ENOSYS;
 }
 
+/*!
+ * Write a character at the current cursor position. Increments idx to the sequentially next value.
+ *
+ * In the case that character \n is supplied, no update is made to actual console charaters, instead
+ * idx is directly set to width * height + 1, potentially falling through to the following case.
+ * This is the canonical way of adding new lines to the console.
+ *
+ * In the case that after incrementing, the condition idx >= width * height holds true, a new line
+ * is added at the bottom and the console is scrolled to accomodate. In the case that after addition
+ * of a new line, the scrollback exceeds CON_SCROLLBACK_LIMIT, the oldest line is freed.
+ *
+ * This function does not call write_to_gfx.
+ *
+ * @param console pointer to console_t* which holds the reference to console
+ * @param c character to put at index
+ * @return 0 if successful, else -EINVAL, -ENOMEM or other errors
+ */
 int console_putchar (console_t** console, unsigned char c) {
 	if (!console || !(*console)) return -EINVAL;
 
 	// clear the scrollfront so we are always printing on the newest line
 	console_scrolldown (console, deque_size ((*console)->scrollfront));
 
-	console_char_t* target =
-		&(*console)->display[CON_IDX_Y ((*console)->idx)]->chars[CON_IDX_X ((*console)->idx)];
-	target->character = c;
-	target->color = (*console)->current_color;
-	(*console)->display[CON_IDX_Y ((*console)->idx)]->dirty = 1;
+	if (c == '\n') {
+		(*console)->idx = (*console)->params.width * ((*console)->params.height + 1);
+	} else {
+		console_char_t* target =
+			&(*console)->display[CON_IDX_Y ((*console)->idx)]->chars[CON_IDX_X ((*console)->idx)];
+		target->character = c;
+		target->color = (*console)->current_color;
+		(*console)->display[CON_IDX_Y ((*console)->idx)]->dirty = 1;
+		(*console)->idx++;
+	}
 
-	(*console)->idx++;
 	if ((*console)->idx > (*console)->params.width * (*console)->params.height) {
 		console_line_t* new_line = kmalloc (sizeof (console_line_t));
 		if (!new_line) return -ENOMEM;
@@ -92,6 +124,14 @@ int console_putchar (console_t** console, unsigned char c) {
 	return 0;
 }
 
+/*!
+ * Set the color that will be used by putchar for following characters.
+ * @param console pointer to console_t* which holds the reference to console
+ * @param red 8-bit value for red channel
+ * @param green 8-bit value for green channel
+ * @param blue 8-but value for blue channel
+ * @return 0 if successful, else -EINVAL
+ */
 int console_setcolor (console_t** console, uint8_t red, uint8_t green, uint8_t blue) {
 	if (!console || !(*console)) return -EINVAL;
 	(*console)->current_color.red = red;
@@ -100,12 +140,29 @@ int console_setcolor (console_t** console, uint8_t red, uint8_t green, uint8_t b
 	return 0;
 }
 
+/*!
+ * Move the cursor to another position.
+ * @param console pointer to console_t* which holds the reference to console
+ * @param x x-index to seek (left-right)
+ * @param y y-index to seek (top-down)
+ * @return 0 if successful, else -EINVAL
+ */
 int console_goto (console_t** console, uint32_t x, uint32_t y) {
 	if (!console || !(*console)) return -EINVAL;
 	(*console)->idx = ((uint64_t)y << 32) | (uint64_t)x;
 	return 0;
 }
 
+/*!
+ * Scroll the whole console to reveal a line from the scrollback deque.
+ *
+ * If there are fewer lines in the scrollback than requested by the howmuch parameter, no new lines
+ * will be created and scrolling will terminate once the scrollback deque is empty.
+ *
+ * @param console pointer to console_t* which holds the reference to console
+ * @param howmuch how many lines to scroll
+ * @return 0 if successful, else -EINVAL or other errors
+ */
 int console_scrollup (console_t** console, size_t howmuch) {
 	if (!console || !(*console)) return -EINVAL;
 
@@ -133,6 +190,16 @@ int console_scrollup (console_t** console, size_t howmuch) {
 	return 0;
 }
 
+/*!
+ * Scroll the whole console to reveal a line from the scrollfront deque.
+ *
+ * If there are fewer lines in the scrollfront than requested by the howmuch parameter, no new lines
+ * will be created and scrolling will terminate once the scrollfront deque is empty.
+ *
+ * @param console pointer to console_t* which holds the reference to console
+ * @param howmuch how many lines to scroll
+ * @return 0 if successful, else -EINVAL or other errors
+ */
 int console_scrolldown (console_t** console, size_t howmuch) {
 	if (!console || !(*console)) return -EINVAL;
 
@@ -159,6 +226,11 @@ int console_scrolldown (console_t** console, size_t howmuch) {
 	return 0;
 }
 
+/*!
+ * Free the scrollback deque.
+ * @param console pointer to console_t* which holds the reference to console
+ * @return 0 if successful, else -EINVAL or other errors
+ */
 int console_clearscrollback (console_t** console) {
 	if (!console || !(*console)) return -EINVAL;
 
@@ -176,10 +248,26 @@ int console_clearscrollback (console_t** console) {
 	return 0;
 }
 
+/*!
+ * Get the position of the cursor. Behavior undefined if console parameter is invalid
+ * @param console pointer to console_t* which holds the reference to console
+ * @return index
+ */
 idx_t console_getidx (console_t** console) { return (*console)->idx; }
 
+/*!
+ * Get the color that will be used when printing the following characters. Behavior undefined if
+ * console parameter is invalid
+ * @param console pointer to console_t* which holds the reference to console
+ * @return color
+ */
 console_color_t console_getcolor (console_t** console) { return (*console)->current_color; }
 
+/*!
+ * Update the screenbuffer to match the contents of the console structure's internal display.
+ * @param console pointer to console_t* which holds the reference to console
+ * @return 0 if successful, else -EINVAL
+ */
 int write_to_gfx (console_t** console) {
 	if (!console || !(*console)) return -EINVAL;
 

From 5c5858b94c03652ce3a92ddfedb5ebffd4266648 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ryuukumar <adityakumar4644@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 16 May 2026 00:16:52 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 15/29] Implement console_delete

---
 kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c | 32 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 31 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c b/kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c
index c1a02674..d13fb435 100644
--- a/kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c
+++ b/kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c
@@ -58,7 +58,37 @@ int console_create (console_t** console, console_parameters_t* params) {
  */
 int console_delete (console_t** console) {
 	if (!console || !(*console)) return -EINVAL;
-	return -ENOSYS;
+
+	while (deque_size ((*console)->scrollback)) {
+		console_line_t* popped = nullptr;
+		int				error = deque_pop_front ((*console)->scrollback, (deque_elem*)&popped);
+		if (error) break;
+
+		kfree (popped->chars);
+		kfree (popped);
+	}
+
+	while (deque_size ((*console)->scrollfront)) {
+		console_line_t* popped = nullptr;
+		int				error = deque_pop_front ((*console)->scrollfront, (deque_elem*)&popped);
+		if (error) break;
+
+		kfree (popped->chars);
+		kfree (popped);
+	}
+
+	deque_destroy ((*console)->scrollback);
+	deque_destroy ((*console)->scrollfront);
+
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < (*console)->params.height; i++) {
+		kfree ((*console)->display[i]->chars);
+		kfree ((*console)->display[i]);
+	}
+
+	kfree ((*console)->display);
+	kfree (*console);
+
+	return 0;
 }
 
 /*!

From 3891dfa6d752dd1a86d0b0cd268a0684c9f66f39 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ryuukumar <adityakumar4644@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 16 May 2026 00:33:26 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 16/29] Bug fixes

---
 kernel/include/kernel/con/con_ds.h |  3 ++-
 kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c     | 31 +++++++++++++++++++++++-------
 2 files changed, 26 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/kernel/include/kernel/con/con_ds.h b/kernel/include/kernel/con/con_ds.h
index 8c85b563..2cb1a74a 100644
--- a/kernel/include/kernel/con/con_ds.h
+++ b/kernel/include/kernel/con/con_ds.h
@@ -4,9 +4,10 @@
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <utils/deque.h>
 
+#define CON_IDX_GEN(x, y)  (((uint64_t)(y) << 32) | (x))
 #define CON_IDX_X(idx)	   (idx & 0xFFFFFFFF)
 #define CON_IDX_Y(idx)	   ((idx & (0xFFFFFFFFull << 32)) >> 32)
-#define CON_COL_RGB(color) ((color.red << 16) & (color.green << 8) & color.blue)
+#define CON_COL_RGB(color) ((color.red << 16) | (color.green << 8) | color.blue)
 
 typedef uint64_t idx_t;
 
diff --git a/kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c b/kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c
index d13fb435..876bcca1 100644
--- a/kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c
+++ b/kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c
@@ -9,6 +9,17 @@
 
 #define CON_SCROLLBACK_LIMIT 10000
 
+/*!
+ * Increment idx_t index.
+ * @param idx index to be incremented
+ * @param width width of the console
+ * @return incremented idx_t index
+ */
+static inline idx_t increment_idx (idx_t idx, size_t width) {
+	return CON_IDX_GEN (CON_IDX_X (idx) == width - 1 ? 0 : CON_IDX_X (idx) + 1,
+						CON_IDX_Y (idx) + (CON_IDX_X (idx) == width - 1));
+}
+
 /*!
  * Allocate and initialise a new console object.
  * @param console pointer to console_t* which will hold the reference to created console
@@ -36,6 +47,7 @@ int console_create (console_t** console, console_parameters_t* params) {
 
 		new_console->display[i]->chars = kmalloc (params->width * sizeof (console_char_t));
 		if (!new_console->display[i]->chars) return -ENOMEM;
+		kmemset (new_console->display[i]->chars, 0, params->width * sizeof (console_char_t));
 
 		new_console->display[i]->dirty = 0;
 		new_console->display[i]->width = params->width;
@@ -87,6 +99,7 @@ int console_delete (console_t** console) {
 
 	kfree ((*console)->display);
 	kfree (*console);
+	*console = nullptr;
 
 	return 0;
 }
@@ -115,17 +128,17 @@ int console_putchar (console_t** console, unsigned char c) {
 	console_scrolldown (console, deque_size ((*console)->scrollfront));
 
 	if (c == '\n') {
-		(*console)->idx = (*console)->params.width * ((*console)->params.height + 1);
+		(*console)->idx = CON_IDX_GEN (0, (*console)->params.height + 1);
 	} else {
 		console_char_t* target =
 			&(*console)->display[CON_IDX_Y ((*console)->idx)]->chars[CON_IDX_X ((*console)->idx)];
 		target->character = c;
 		target->color = (*console)->current_color;
 		(*console)->display[CON_IDX_Y ((*console)->idx)]->dirty = 1;
-		(*console)->idx++;
+		(*console)->idx = increment_idx ((*console)->idx, (*console)->params.width);
 	}
 
-	if ((*console)->idx > (*console)->params.width * (*console)->params.height) {
+	while (CON_IDX_Y ((*console)->idx) >= (*console)->params.height) {
 		console_line_t* new_line = kmalloc (sizeof (console_line_t));
 		if (!new_line) return -ENOMEM;
 
@@ -139,16 +152,20 @@ int console_putchar (console_t** console, unsigned char c) {
 		if (error) return error;
 
 		console_scrolldown (console, 1);
-		(*console)->idx -= (*console)->params.width;
+		(*console)->idx =
+			CON_IDX_GEN (CON_IDX_X ((*console)->idx), CON_IDX_Y ((*console)->idx) - 1);
 	}
 
 	while (deque_size ((*console)->scrollback) > CON_SCROLLBACK_LIMIT) {
-		deque_elem* buf = nullptr;
-		int			error = deque_pop_back ((*console)->scrollback, buf);
+		console_line_t* buf = nullptr;
+		int				error = deque_pop_back ((*console)->scrollback, (deque_elem*)&buf);
 		if (error == -INTERNAL_EEMPQ)
 			break;
 		else if (error != 0)
 			return error;
+
+		kfree (buf->chars);
+		kfree (buf);
 	}
 
 	return 0;
@@ -179,7 +196,7 @@ int console_setcolor (console_t** console, uint8_t red, uint8_t green, uint8_t b
  */
 int console_goto (console_t** console, uint32_t x, uint32_t y) {
 	if (!console || !(*console)) return -EINVAL;
-	(*console)->idx = ((uint64_t)y << 32) | (uint64_t)x;
+	(*console)->idx = CON_IDX_GEN (x, y);
 	return 0;
 }
 

From 4c9a7aed1c35d3a96cbfc63bf5c0160cba657250 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ryuukumar <adityakumar4644@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 16 May 2026 00:41:14 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 17/29] Bugfixes + update comment to describe behavior
 accurately

---
 kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c | 14 ++++++++------
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c b/kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c
index 876bcca1..b6bf4939 100644
--- a/kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c
+++ b/kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c
@@ -108,12 +108,13 @@ int console_delete (console_t** console) {
  * Write a character at the current cursor position. Increments idx to the sequentially next value.
  *
  * In the case that character \n is supplied, no update is made to actual console charaters, instead
- * idx is directly set to width * height + 1, potentially falling through to the following case.
- * This is the canonical way of adding new lines to the console.
+ * idx is directly set to (0, height), potentially falling through to the following case. This is
+ * the canonical way of adding new lines to the console.
  *
- * In the case that after incrementing, the condition idx >= width * height holds true, a new line
- * is added at the bottom and the console is scrolled to accomodate. In the case that after addition
- * of a new line, the scrollback exceeds CON_SCROLLBACK_LIMIT, the oldest line is freed.
+ * In the case that after incrementing, the condition idx.y >= height holds true, new lines are
+ * added at the bottom and the console is scrolled to accomodate until the condition is no longer
+ * true. In the case that after addition of a new line, the scrollback exceeds CON_SCROLLBACK_LIMIT,
+ * the oldest line is freed until the condition is no longer true.
  *
  * This function does not call write_to_gfx.
  *
@@ -128,7 +129,7 @@ int console_putchar (console_t** console, unsigned char c) {
 	console_scrolldown (console, deque_size ((*console)->scrollfront));
 
 	if (c == '\n') {
-		(*console)->idx = CON_IDX_GEN (0, (*console)->params.height + 1);
+		(*console)->idx = CON_IDX_GEN (0, (*console)->params.height);
 	} else {
 		console_char_t* target =
 			&(*console)->display[CON_IDX_Y ((*console)->idx)]->chars[CON_IDX_X ((*console)->idx)];
@@ -144,6 +145,7 @@ int console_putchar (console_t** console, unsigned char c) {
 
 		new_line->chars = kmalloc ((*console)->params.width * sizeof (console_char_t));
 		if (!new_line->chars) return -ENOMEM;
+		kmemset (new_line->chars, 0, (*console)->params.width * sizeof (console_char_t));
 
 		new_line->dirty = 0;
 		new_line->width = (*console)->params.width;

From fb71246ac3ce72e36b5a844fe50cbdc48c10c486 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ryuukumar <adityakumar4644@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 16 May 2026 00:48:36 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 18/29] Update init_con

---
 kernel/include/kernel/con/con.h |  8 ++------
 kernel/src/kernel/con/con.c     | 14 ++++++++++++--
 2 files changed, 14 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/kernel/include/kernel/con/con.h b/kernel/include/kernel/con/con.h
index 3db88f2d..3bd57411 100644
--- a/kernel/include/kernel/con/con.h
+++ b/kernel/include/kernel/con/con.h
@@ -8,10 +8,6 @@
 #undef TAB_WIDTH
 #endif
 
-typedef struct {
-	size_t lpad, rpad, tpad, bpad;
-} pad_t;
-
 int	 add_char (unsigned char c);
-void init_con (size_t screen_width, size_t screen_height, pad_t* con_padding, size_t char_spacing,
-			   size_t line_padding, size_t font_multiplier);
+void init_con (size_t screen_width, size_t screen_height, size_t x_padding, size_t y_padding,
+			   size_t char_spacing, size_t line_padding, size_t font_multiplier);
diff --git a/kernel/src/kernel/con/con.c b/kernel/src/kernel/con/con.c
index b75b92fc..e85843ce 100644
--- a/kernel/src/kernel/con/con.c
+++ b/kernel/src/kernel/con/con.c
@@ -5,7 +5,17 @@ static console_t* console = nullptr;
 
 int add_char (unsigned char c) {}
 
-void init_con (size_t screen_width, size_t screen_height, pad_t* con_padding, size_t char_spacing,
-			   size_t line_padding, size_t font_multiplier) {
+void init_con (size_t screen_width, size_t screen_height, size_t x_padding, size_t y_padding,
+			   size_t char_spacing, size_t line_padding, size_t font_multiplier) {
+	console_parameters_t params = {.glyph_height = 8,
+								   .glyph_width = 5,
+								   .line_spacing = line_padding,
+								   .char_spacing = char_spacing,
+								   .xpad = x_padding,
+								   .ypad = y_padding,
+								   .width = screen_width,
+								   .height = screen_height,
+								   .font_size = font_multiplier};
 
+	console_create(&console, &params);
 };

From 272f7e150cb187b6dd3860c6df1de07ab578ab4c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ryuukumar <adityakumar4644@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 16 May 2026 10:35:03 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 19/29] Substitute whatever possible

---
 kernel/include/kclib/stdio.h           |  2 --
 kernel/src/kclib/stdio.c               |  9 ++++-----
 kernel/src/kernel/con/con.c            | 27 +++++++++++++++-----------
 kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c         |  2 +-
 kernel/src/kernel/entry.c              | 16 +++++++--------
 kernel/src/kernel/fs/chardev/chardev.c | 20 +++++++++----------
 6 files changed, 39 insertions(+), 37 deletions(-)

diff --git a/kernel/include/kclib/stdio.h b/kernel/include/kclib/stdio.h
index 1f2fc495..102d0029 100644
--- a/kernel/include/kclib/stdio.h
+++ b/kernel/include/kclib/stdio.h
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include <kernel/oldconsole.h>
 #include <stdarg.h>
-#include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stddef.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 
diff --git a/kernel/src/kclib/stdio.c b/kernel/src/kclib/stdio.c
index fda8b6e8..b5f7012b 100644
--- a/kernel/src/kclib/stdio.c
+++ b/kernel/src/kclib/stdio.c
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #include <kclib/stdio.h>
 #include <kclib/string.h>
-#include <kernel/oldconsole.h>
+#include <kernel/con/con.h>
 #include <kernel/serial.h>
 #include <liballoc/liballoc.h>
 
@@ -164,10 +164,9 @@ static void kvsprintf (char* buf, const char* fmt, va_list* list) {
 	buf[kvsprintf_idx] = '\0';
 }
 
-static void kvprintf (const char* fmt, va_list* list) {
-	kv_core_printf (fmt, list, putchar);
-	update ();
-}
+static void kvprintf_putc (unsigned char c) { add_char (c); }
+
+static void kvprintf (const char* fmt, va_list* list) { kv_core_printf (fmt, list, kvprintf_putc); }
 
 void ksprintf (char* buf, const char* fmt, ...) {
 	va_list ap;
diff --git a/kernel/src/kernel/con/con.c b/kernel/src/kernel/con/con.c
index e85843ce..8a4eb407 100644
--- a/kernel/src/kernel/con/con.c
+++ b/kernel/src/kernel/con/con.c
@@ -3,19 +3,24 @@
 
 static console_t* console = nullptr;
 
-int add_char (unsigned char c) {}
+int add_char (unsigned char c) {
+	int error = console_putchar (&console, c);
+	write_to_gfx (&console);
+	return error;
+}
 
 void init_con (size_t screen_width, size_t screen_height, size_t x_padding, size_t y_padding,
 			   size_t char_spacing, size_t line_padding, size_t font_multiplier) {
-	console_parameters_t params = {.glyph_height = 8,
-								   .glyph_width = 5,
-								   .line_spacing = line_padding,
-								   .char_spacing = char_spacing,
-								   .xpad = x_padding,
-								   .ypad = y_padding,
-								   .width = screen_width,
-								   .height = screen_height,
-								   .font_size = font_multiplier};
+	console_parameters_t params = {
+		.glyph_height = 8,
+		.glyph_width = 5,
+		.line_spacing = line_padding,
+		.char_spacing = char_spacing,
+		.xpad = x_padding,
+		.ypad = y_padding,
+		.width = (screen_width - 2 * x_padding) / ((5 + char_spacing) * font_multiplier),
+		.height = (screen_height - 2 * y_padding) / ((8 + line_padding) * font_multiplier),
+		.font_size = font_multiplier};
 
-	console_create(&console, &params);
+	console_create (&console, &params);
 };
diff --git a/kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c b/kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c
index b6bf4939..d79de508 100644
--- a/kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c
+++ b/kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ int console_putchar (console_t** console, unsigned char c) {
 	console_scrolldown (console, deque_size ((*console)->scrollfront));
 
 	if (c == '\n') {
-		(*console)->idx = CON_IDX_GEN (0, (*console)->params.height);
+		(*console)->idx = CON_IDX_GEN (0, CON_IDX_Y ((*console)->idx) + 1);
 	} else {
 		console_char_t* target =
 			&(*console)->display[CON_IDX_Y ((*console)->idx)]->chars[CON_IDX_X ((*console)->idx)];
diff --git a/kernel/src/kernel/entry.c b/kernel/src/kernel/entry.c
index b8b86dd6..6e0d5051 100644
--- a/kernel/src/kernel/entry.c
+++ b/kernel/src/kernel/entry.c
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #include <kclib/stdio.h>
 #include <kclib/string.h>
 #include <kernel/acpi/acpi.h>
+#include <kernel/con/con.h>
 #include <kernel/elf.h>
 #include <kernel/exec.h>
 #include <kernel/fs/chardev.h>
@@ -16,7 +17,6 @@
 #include <kernel/idt.h>
 #include <kernel/limine.h>
 #include <kernel/memmgt.h>
-#include <kernel/oldconsole.h>
 #include <kernel/process.h>
 #include <kernel/serial.h>
 #include <kernel/stack.h>
@@ -56,25 +56,25 @@ static void hcf (void) {
 }
 
 static void print_info (void) {
-	drawBorder (20);
-	set_color (0x44eeaa);
+	// drawBorder (20);
+	// set_color (0x44eeaa);
 
 	kprintf ("COS 0.0%d", 7);
 
-	set_color (0xddeecc);
+	// set_color (0xddeecc);
 
 	kprintf ("\n\nHello, World!\n\n");
 
-	set_color (0x88aaee);
+	// set_color (0x88aaee);
 	kprintf ("System info:\n");
 	if (bootinfo_req.response != nullptr) {
-		set_color (0x888888);
+		// set_color (0x888888);
 		kprintf ("Bootloader: %s %s", bootinfo_req.response->name, bootinfo_req.response->version);
 	} else
 		kprintf ("\nDid not receive bootloader info from bootloader.\n");
 
 	if (boottime_req.response != nullptr) {
-		set_color (0x888888);
+		// set_color (0x888888);
 		kprintf ("\nSystem booted at time %ld.\n", boottime_req.response->boot_time);
 	} else
 		kprintf ("\nDid not receive boot time from Limine.\n");
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ static void print_info (void) {
 
 __attribute__ ((noreturn)) void _start_stage2 (void) {
 	init_graphics (framebuffer);
-	init_console (framebuffer->width, framebuffer->height, 40, 40, 1, 1, 2);
+	init_con (framebuffer->width, framebuffer->height, 40, 40, 1, 1, 2);
 	init_kb ();
 	init_acpi (rsdp);
 
diff --git a/kernel/src/kernel/fs/chardev/chardev.c b/kernel/src/kernel/fs/chardev/chardev.c
index ae22d796..4b8b89d9 100644
--- a/kernel/src/kernel/fs/chardev/chardev.c
+++ b/kernel/src/kernel/fs/chardev/chardev.c
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 #include <kclib/ctype.h>
 #include <kclib/stdio.h>
 #include <kclib/string.h>
+#include <kernel/con/con.h>
 #include <kernel/error.h>
 #include <kernel/fs/chardev.h>
 #include <kernel/fs/stat.h>
 #include <kernel/hw/keyboard.h>
-#include <kernel/oldconsole.h>
 #include <kernel/process.h>
 #include <liballoc/liballoc.h>
 
@@ -13,14 +13,14 @@ inode* tty1_ptr = nullptr;
 
 static int stdout_write (inode* node, file* f, void* buf, size_t len) {
 	(void)node, (void)f; // args not used
-	bool stdio_buf = get_update_on_putch ();
-	set_update_on_putch (false);
+	// bool stdio_buf = get_update_on_putch ();
+	// set_update_on_putch (false);
 
 	for (size_t i = 0; i < len; i++)
-		putchar (((char*)buf)[i]);
+		add_char (((char*)buf)[i]);
 
-	update ();
-	set_update_on_putch (stdio_buf);
+	// update ();
+	// set_update_on_putch (stdio_buf);
 	return len;
 }
 
@@ -45,8 +45,8 @@ static int stdin_read (inode* node, file* f, void* buffer, size_t size) {
 			if (i > 0) {
 				i -= 2;
 				bytes_read--;
-				putchar ('\x7F');
-				update ();
+				add_char ('\x7F');
+				// update ();
 			} else {
 				i--;
 			}
@@ -55,8 +55,8 @@ static int stdin_read (inode* node, file* f, void* buffer, size_t size) {
 		} else if (c < 0x80) {
 			cbuffer[i] = c;
 			bytes_read++;
-			putchar (c);
-			update ();
+			add_char (c);
+			// update ();
 			if (c == '\n') break;
 		} else {
 			i--;

From 0f7a479a821b54f3ac225544083b19d1c1d9ae86 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ryuukumar <adityakumar4644@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 16 May 2026 10:41:35 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 20/29] Create new update-related functions

---
 kernel/include/kernel/con/con.h        |  5 +++++
 kernel/src/kernel/con/con.c            | 19 ++++++++++++++++++-
 kernel/src/kernel/fs/chardev/chardev.c | 11 +++++------
 3 files changed, 28 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/kernel/include/kernel/con/con.h b/kernel/include/kernel/con/con.h
index 3bd57411..2ae58000 100644
--- a/kernel/include/kernel/con/con.h
+++ b/kernel/include/kernel/con/con.h
@@ -8,6 +8,11 @@
 #undef TAB_WIDTH
 #endif
 
+bool con_update_cache_set (void);
+bool con_update_cache_clear (void);
+void con_update_upd (bool cached);
+int	 con_update (void);
+
 int	 add_char (unsigned char c);
 void init_con (size_t screen_width, size_t screen_height, size_t x_padding, size_t y_padding,
 			   size_t char_spacing, size_t line_padding, size_t font_multiplier);
diff --git a/kernel/src/kernel/con/con.c b/kernel/src/kernel/con/con.c
index 8a4eb407..122b1051 100644
--- a/kernel/src/kernel/con/con.c
+++ b/kernel/src/kernel/con/con.c
@@ -2,10 +2,27 @@
 #include <kernel/con/con_ds.h>
 
 static console_t* console = nullptr;
+static bool		  update_flag = true;
+
+bool con_update_cache_set (void) {
+	bool cached = update_flag;
+	update_flag = true;
+	return cached;
+}
+
+bool con_update_cache_clear (void) {
+	bool cached = update_flag;
+	update_flag = false;
+	return cached;
+}
+
+void con_update_upd (bool cached) { update_flag = cached; }
+
+int con_update (void) { return write_to_gfx (&console); }
 
 int add_char (unsigned char c) {
 	int error = console_putchar (&console, c);
-	write_to_gfx (&console);
+	if (update_flag) write_to_gfx (&console);
 	return error;
 }
 
diff --git a/kernel/src/kernel/fs/chardev/chardev.c b/kernel/src/kernel/fs/chardev/chardev.c
index 4b8b89d9..51095364 100644
--- a/kernel/src/kernel/fs/chardev/chardev.c
+++ b/kernel/src/kernel/fs/chardev/chardev.c
@@ -13,14 +13,13 @@ inode* tty1_ptr = nullptr;
 
 static int stdout_write (inode* node, file* f, void* buf, size_t len) {
 	(void)node, (void)f; // args not used
-	// bool stdio_buf = get_update_on_putch ();
-	// set_update_on_putch (false);
+	bool stdio_buf = con_update_cache_clear ();
 
 	for (size_t i = 0; i < len; i++)
 		add_char (((char*)buf)[i]);
 
-	// update ();
-	// set_update_on_putch (stdio_buf);
+	con_update ();
+	con_update_upd (stdio_buf);
 	return len;
 }
 
@@ -37,6 +36,7 @@ static int stdin_read (inode* node, file* f, void* buffer, size_t size) {
 	(void)node, (void)f; // args not used
 	char*  cbuffer = (char*)buffer;
 	size_t bytes_read = 0;
+	bool   stdio_buf = con_update_cache_set ();
 	for (size_t i = 0; i < size; i++) {
 		unsigned char c = 255;
 		while ((c = pop_next_char ()) == 255)
@@ -46,7 +46,6 @@ static int stdin_read (inode* node, file* f, void* buffer, size_t size) {
 				i -= 2;
 				bytes_read--;
 				add_char ('\x7F');
-				// update ();
 			} else {
 				i--;
 			}
@@ -56,12 +55,12 @@ static int stdin_read (inode* node, file* f, void* buffer, size_t size) {
 			cbuffer[i] = c;
 			bytes_read++;
 			add_char (c);
-			// update ();
 			if (c == '\n') break;
 		} else {
 			i--;
 		}
 	}
+	con_update_upd (stdio_buf);
 	return (int)bytes_read;
 }
 

From a765a3e6b1ba29f619870e9f48420403161eddec Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ryuukumar <adityakumar4644@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 16 May 2026 10:58:08 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 21/29] Parse delete and \r

---
 kernel/include/kernel/con/con_ds.h |  5 +++--
 kernel/src/kernel/con/con.c        | 26 +++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c     |  7 +++++++
 3 files changed, 35 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/kernel/include/kernel/con/con_ds.h b/kernel/include/kernel/con/con_ds.h
index 2cb1a74a..68746305 100644
--- a/kernel/include/kernel/con/con_ds.h
+++ b/kernel/include/kernel/con/con_ds.h
@@ -56,7 +56,8 @@ int console_scrollup (console_t** console, size_t howmuch);
 int console_scrolldown (console_t** console, size_t howmuch);
 int console_clearscrollback (console_t** console);
 
-idx_t			console_getidx (console_t** console);
-console_color_t console_getcolor (console_t** console);
+idx_t				 console_getidx (console_t** console);
+console_color_t		 console_getcolor (console_t** console);
+console_parameters_t console_getparams (console_t** console);
 
 int write_to_gfx (console_t** console);
diff --git a/kernel/src/kernel/con/con.c b/kernel/src/kernel/con/con.c
index 122b1051..bdfe2ac4 100644
--- a/kernel/src/kernel/con/con.c
+++ b/kernel/src/kernel/con/con.c
@@ -1,9 +1,13 @@
+#include "kernel/memmgt.h"
 #include <kernel/con/con.h>
 #include <kernel/con/con_ds.h>
 
 static console_t* console = nullptr;
 static bool		  update_flag = true;
 
+static bool in_esc = false;
+static bool in_csi = false;
+
 bool con_update_cache_set (void) {
 	bool cached = update_flag;
 	update_flag = true;
@@ -21,7 +25,27 @@ void con_update_upd (bool cached) { update_flag = cached; }
 int con_update (void) { return write_to_gfx (&console); }
 
 int add_char (unsigned char c) {
-	int error = console_putchar (&console, c);
+	int					 error = 0;
+	console_parameters_t params = console_getparams (&console);
+	if (c == '\x7F') {
+		idx_t idx = console_getidx (&console);
+		if (CON_IDX_X (idx) == 0)
+			idx = CON_IDX_GEN (params.width - 1, CON_IDX_Y (idx) - 1);
+		else
+			idx = CON_IDX_GEN (CON_IDX_X (idx) - 1, CON_IDX_Y (idx));
+
+		console_goto (&console, CON_IDX_X (idx), CON_IDX_Y (idx));
+		error = console_putchar (&console, 0);
+		console_goto (&console, CON_IDX_X (idx), CON_IDX_Y (idx));
+	} else if (c == '\r') {
+		idx_t idx = console_getidx (&console);
+		console_goto (&console, 0, CON_IDX_Y (idx));
+	} else if (c == '\033') {
+		in_esc = true;
+	} else {
+		error = console_putchar (&console, c);
+	}
+
 	if (update_flag) write_to_gfx (&console);
 	return error;
 }
diff --git a/kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c b/kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c
index d79de508..0453d795 100644
--- a/kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c
+++ b/kernel/src/kernel/con/con_ds.c
@@ -312,6 +312,13 @@ idx_t console_getidx (console_t** console) { return (*console)->idx; }
  */
 console_color_t console_getcolor (console_t** console) { return (*console)->current_color; }
 
+/*!
+ * Get the parameters of the console. Behavior undefined if console parameter is invalid
+ * @param console pointer to console_t* which holds the reference to console
+ * @return parameters
+ */
+console_parameters_t console_getparams (console_t** console) { return (*console)->params; }
+
 /*!
  * Update the screenbuffer to match the contents of the console structure's internal display.
  * @param console pointer to console_t* which holds the reference to console

From bf92109286bf12710bb571e53bf9aa9a1b5e5793 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ryuukumar <adityakumar4644@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 16 May 2026 11:30:29 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 22/29] Add ANSI character parsing

---
 kernel/include/kernel/con/ansi.h |  11 ++
 kernel/src/kernel/con/ansi.c     | 201 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 kernel/src/kernel/con/con.c      |  14 ++-
 3 files changed, 224 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 kernel/include/kernel/con/ansi.h
 create mode 100644 kernel/src/kernel/con/ansi.c

diff --git a/kernel/include/kernel/con/ansi.h b/kernel/include/kernel/con/ansi.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..68d06a20
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kernel/include/kernel/con/ansi.h
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <kernel/con/con_ds.h>
+
+typedef enum { ANSI_INCOMPLETE, ANSI_INVALID, ANSI_VALID } ansi_status_t;
+
+ansi_status_t add_to_ansi_parser_buf (unsigned char c);
+
+const char* get_ansi_buffer (void);
+void		clear_ansi_buffer (void);
+void		init_ansi_buffer (console_t** console);
diff --git a/kernel/src/kernel/con/ansi.c b/kernel/src/kernel/con/ansi.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a69f098d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kernel/src/kernel/con/ansi.c
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+#include <kclib/string.h>
+#include <kernel/con/ansi.h>
+#include <kernel/con/con_ds.h>
+#include <liballoc/liballoc.h>
+
+#define ANSI_BUFFER_SIZE 100
+#define ANSI_VALID_CMDS	 "ABCDEFGHJKSTm"
+#define ANSI_MAX_PARAMS	 8
+
+static char*	   ansi_buffer = nullptr;
+static size_t	   ansi_idx = 0;
+static console_t** ansi_console = nullptr;
+
+static ansi_status_t try_parse_ansi (void) {
+	size_t idx = 0;
+	if (ansi_buffer[idx] != '[') return ANSI_INVALID;
+	idx++;
+
+	int64_t params[ANSI_MAX_PARAMS];
+	int		param_count = 0;
+	params[0] = -1;
+
+	while (1) {
+		if (ansi_buffer[idx] >= '0' && ansi_buffer[idx] <= '9') {
+			if (params[param_count] == -1) params[param_count] = 0;
+			params[param_count] = params[param_count] * 10 + (ansi_buffer[idx] - '0');
+			idx++;
+		} else if (ansi_buffer[idx] == ';') {
+			if (++param_count >= ANSI_MAX_PARAMS) return ANSI_INVALID;
+			params[param_count] = -1;
+			idx++;
+		} else {
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+
+	char cmd = ansi_buffer[idx];
+	if (cmd == '\0') return ANSI_INCOMPLETE;
+	if (!kstrchr (ANSI_VALID_CMDS, cmd)) return ANSI_INVALID;
+
+	int64_t a = (params[0] == -1) ? 1 : params[0];
+	idx_t	cur = console_getidx (ansi_console);
+	int64_t new_x, new_y;
+
+	console_parameters_t p = console_getparams (ansi_console);
+
+	switch (cmd) {
+	case 'A': /* Cursor Up */
+		new_y = (int64_t)CON_IDX_Y (cur) - a;
+		if (new_y < 0) new_y = 0;
+		console_goto (ansi_console, CON_IDX_X (cur), (uint32_t)new_y);
+		break;
+
+	case 'B': /* Cursor Down */
+		new_y = (int64_t)CON_IDX_Y (cur) + a;
+		if (new_y >= (int64_t)p.height) new_y = (int64_t)p.height - 1;
+		console_goto (ansi_console, CON_IDX_X (cur), (uint32_t)new_y);
+		break;
+
+	case 'C': /* Cursor Forward */
+		new_x = (int64_t)CON_IDX_X (cur) + a;
+		if (new_x >= (int64_t)p.width) new_x = (int64_t)p.width - 1;
+		console_goto (ansi_console, (uint32_t)new_x, CON_IDX_Y (cur));
+		break;
+
+	case 'D': /* Cursor Back */
+		new_x = (int64_t)CON_IDX_X (cur) - a;
+		if (new_x < 0) new_x = 0;
+		console_goto (ansi_console, (uint32_t)new_x, CON_IDX_Y (cur));
+		break;
+
+	case 'E': /* Cursor Next Line */
+		new_y = (int64_t)CON_IDX_Y (cur) + a;
+		if (new_y >= (int64_t)p.height) new_y = (int64_t)p.height - 1;
+		console_goto (ansi_console, 0, (uint32_t)new_y);
+		break;
+
+	case 'F': /* Cursor Previous Line */
+		new_y = (int64_t)CON_IDX_Y (cur) - a;
+		if (new_y < 0) new_y = 0;
+		console_goto (ansi_console, 0, (uint32_t)new_y);
+		break;
+
+	case 'G': /* Cursor Horizontal Absolute (1-based column) */
+		new_x = a - 1;
+		if (new_x < 0) new_x = 0;
+		if (new_x >= (int64_t)p.width) new_x = (int64_t)p.width - 1;
+		console_goto (ansi_console, (uint32_t)new_x, CON_IDX_Y (cur));
+		break;
+
+	case 'H': { /* Cursor Position: ESC[row;col H (1-based, default 1;1) */
+		int64_t row = (params[0] == -1 ? 1 : params[0]) - 1;
+		int64_t col = (param_count >= 1 && params[1] != -1 ? params[1] : 1) - 1;
+		if (row < 0) row = 0;
+		if (col < 0) col = 0;
+		if (row >= (int64_t)p.height) row = (int64_t)p.height - 1;
+		if (col >= (int64_t)p.width) col = (int64_t)p.width - 1;
+		console_goto (ansi_console, (uint32_t)col, (uint32_t)row);
+		break;
+	}
+
+	case 'J': { /* Erase in Display (default 0) */
+		int64_t mode = (params[0] == -1) ? 0 : params[0];
+		int64_t sx = CON_IDX_X (cur), sy = CON_IDX_Y (cur);
+		int64_t ex = (int64_t)p.width - 1, ey = (int64_t)p.height - 1;
+		if (mode == 1) {
+			sx = 0;
+			sy = 0;
+			ex = CON_IDX_X (cur);
+			ey = CON_IDX_Y (cur);
+		} else if (mode == 2) {
+			sx = 0;
+			sy = 0;
+		}
+		/* mode == 0: from cursor to end of screen (sx/sy already set) */
+		for (int64_t y = sy; y <= ey; y++) {
+			int64_t lx = (y == sy) ? sx : 0;
+			int64_t rx = (y == ey) ? ex : (int64_t)p.width - 1;
+			for (int64_t x = lx; x <= rx; x++) {
+				console_goto (ansi_console, (uint32_t)x, (uint32_t)y);
+				console_putchar (ansi_console, 0);
+			}
+		}
+		console_goto (ansi_console, CON_IDX_X (cur), CON_IDX_Y (cur));
+		break;
+	}
+
+	case 'K': { /* Erase in Line (default 0) */
+		int64_t mode = (params[0] == -1) ? 0 : params[0];
+		int64_t lx, rx;
+		if (mode == 0) {
+			lx = CON_IDX_X (cur);
+			rx = (int64_t)p.width - 1;
+		} else if (mode == 1) {
+			lx = 0;
+			rx = CON_IDX_X (cur);
+		} else {
+			lx = 0;
+			rx = (int64_t)p.width - 1;
+		}
+		for (int64_t x = lx; x <= rx; x++) {
+			console_goto (ansi_console, (uint32_t)x, CON_IDX_Y (cur));
+			console_putchar (ansi_console, 0);
+		}
+		console_goto (ansi_console, CON_IDX_X (cur), CON_IDX_Y (cur));
+		break;
+	}
+
+	case 'S': /* Scroll Up */
+		console_scrollup (ansi_console, (size_t)a);
+		break;
+
+	case 'T': /* Scroll Down */
+		console_scrolldown (ansi_console, (size_t)a);
+		break;
+
+	case 'm': /* SGR */
+		if (params[0] == -1 || params[0] == 0) {
+			console_setcolor (ansi_console, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF);
+		} else if (params[0] == 38 && param_count >= 4 && params[1] == 2) {
+			uint8_t r = (uint8_t)(params[2] < 0 ? 0 : params[2] > 255 ? 255 : params[2]);
+			uint8_t g = (uint8_t)(params[3] < 0 ? 0 : params[3] > 255 ? 255 : params[3]);
+			uint8_t b = (uint8_t)(params[4] < 0 ? 0 : params[4] > 255 ? 255 : params[4]);
+			console_setcolor (ansi_console, r, g, b);
+		} else if (params[0] >= 30 && params[0] <= 37) {
+			static const uint8_t ansi_cols[8][3] = {
+				{0, 0, 0},		 /* 30 black   */
+				{170, 0, 0},	 /* 31 red     */
+				{0, 170, 0},	 /* 32 green   */
+				{170, 170, 0},	 /* 33 yellow  */
+				{0, 0, 170},	 /* 34 blue    */
+				{170, 0, 170},	 /* 35 magenta */
+				{0, 170, 170},	 /* 36 cyan    */
+				{170, 170, 170}, /* 37 white   */
+			};
+			int ci = (int)(params[0] - 30);
+			console_setcolor (ansi_console, ansi_cols[ci][0], ansi_cols[ci][1], ansi_cols[ci][2]);
+		}
+		break;
+	}
+
+	clear_ansi_buffer ();
+	return ANSI_VALID;
+}
+
+ansi_status_t add_to_ansi_parser_buf (unsigned char c) {
+	ansi_buffer[ansi_idx++] = c;
+	return try_parse_ansi ();
+}
+
+const char* get_ansi_buffer (void) { return (const char*)ansi_buffer; }
+
+void clear_ansi_buffer (void) {
+	kmemset (ansi_buffer, 0, ANSI_BUFFER_SIZE);
+	ansi_idx = 0;
+}
+
+void init_ansi_buffer (console_t** console) {
+	ansi_console = console;
+	ansi_buffer = kmalloc (ANSI_BUFFER_SIZE);
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kernel/src/kernel/con/con.c b/kernel/src/kernel/con/con.c
index bdfe2ac4..fad2bb9a 100644
--- a/kernel/src/kernel/con/con.c
+++ b/kernel/src/kernel/con/con.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include "kernel/memmgt.h"
+#include <kernel/con/ansi.h>
 #include <kernel/con/con.h>
 #include <kernel/con/con_ds.h>
 
@@ -27,7 +27,17 @@ int con_update (void) { return write_to_gfx (&console); }
 int add_char (unsigned char c) {
 	int					 error = 0;
 	console_parameters_t params = console_getparams (&console);
-	if (c == '\x7F') {
+	if (in_esc) {
+		ansi_status_t status = add_to_ansi_parser_buf (c);
+		if (status == ANSI_INVALID) {
+			const char* buf = get_ansi_buffer ();
+			for (size_t i = 0; buf[i]; i++)
+				console_putchar (&console, (unsigned char)buf[i]);
+			clear_ansi_buffer ();
+			in_esc = false;
+			in_csi = false;
+		}
+	} else if (c == '\x7F') {
 		idx_t idx = console_getidx (&console);
 		if (CON_IDX_X (idx) == 0)
 			idx = CON_IDX_GEN (params.width - 1, CON_IDX_Y (idx) - 1);

From 161674976d1a07278073f0ab0f4ba80b21a9c7f2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ryuukumar <adityakumar4644@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 16 May 2026 11:38:26 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 23/29] Actually init the buffer, and update the print_info
 call

---
 kernel/src/kernel/con/con.c |  1 +
 kernel/src/kernel/entry.c   | 23 ++++++++---------------
 2 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/kernel/src/kernel/con/con.c b/kernel/src/kernel/con/con.c
index fad2bb9a..5ec6f598 100644
--- a/kernel/src/kernel/con/con.c
+++ b/kernel/src/kernel/con/con.c
@@ -73,5 +73,6 @@ void init_con (size_t screen_width, size_t screen_height, size_t x_padding, size
 		.height = (screen_height - 2 * y_padding) / ((8 + line_padding) * font_multiplier),
 		.font_size = font_multiplier};
 
+	init_ansi_buffer (&console);
 	console_create (&console, &params);
 };
diff --git a/kernel/src/kernel/entry.c b/kernel/src/kernel/entry.c
index 6e0d5051..44eff6c2 100644
--- a/kernel/src/kernel/entry.c
+++ b/kernel/src/kernel/entry.c
@@ -56,33 +56,26 @@ static void hcf (void) {
 }
 
 static void print_info (void) {
-	// drawBorder (20);
-	// set_color (0x44eeaa);
+	kprintf ("\033[38;2;68;238;170mCOS 0.0%d", 7);
+	kprintf ("\033[38;2;221;238;204m\n\nHello, World!\n\n");
+	kprintf ("\033[38;2;136;170;238mSystem info:\n");
 
-	kprintf ("COS 0.0%d", 7);
-
-	// set_color (0xddeecc);
-
-	kprintf ("\n\nHello, World!\n\n");
-
-	// set_color (0x88aaee);
-	kprintf ("System info:\n");
 	if (bootinfo_req.response != nullptr) {
-		// set_color (0x888888);
-		kprintf ("Bootloader: %s %s", bootinfo_req.response->name, bootinfo_req.response->version);
+		kprintf ("\033[38;2;200;200;200mBootloader: %s %s", bootinfo_req.response->name,
+				 bootinfo_req.response->version);
 	} else
 		kprintf ("\nDid not receive bootloader info from bootloader.\n");
 
 	if (boottime_req.response != nullptr) {
-		// set_color (0x888888);
-		kprintf ("\nSystem booted at time %ld.\n", boottime_req.response->boot_time);
+		kprintf ("\n\033[38;2;200;200;200mSystem booted at time %ld.\n",
+				 boottime_req.response->boot_time);
 	} else
 		kprintf ("\nDid not receive boot time from Limine.\n");
 }
 
 __attribute__ ((noreturn)) void _start_stage2 (void) {
 	init_graphics (framebuffer);
-	init_con (framebuffer->width, framebuffer->height, 40, 40, 1, 1, 2);
+	init_con (framebuffer->width, framebuffer->height, 20, 20, 1, 1, 2);
 	init_kb ();
 	init_acpi (rsdp);
 

From 9e7f0213ab168d913fa45109d0a83f38ac4aa5f7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ryuukumar <adityakumar4644@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 16 May 2026 11:42:18 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 24/29] Add some colors to cosh

---
 user/cosh/src/repl_main.c | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/user/cosh/src/repl_main.c b/user/cosh/src/repl_main.c
index 7188e4ff..ec626b29 100644
--- a/user/cosh/src/repl_main.c
+++ b/user/cosh/src/repl_main.c
@@ -122,14 +122,14 @@ int repl_loop (void) {
 	if (!pathbuf || !cmdbuf) return -1;
 
 	getcwd (pathbuf, 100);
-	printf ("root@cos %s > ", pathbuf);
+	printf ("\033[37mroot@cos \033[36m%s\033[37m > ", pathbuf);
 
 	if (fgets (cmdbuf, 1000, stdin) == nullptr) return -1;
 
 	cmdbuf[strcspn (cmdbuf, "\n")] = '\0';
 	if (cmdbuf[0] == '\0') return 0;
 	last_exit = run_line (cmdbuf);
-	if (last_exit != 0) printf ("exited with non-zero status: %i\n", last_exit);
+	if (last_exit != 0) printf ("\033[31mexited with non-zero status: %i\n", last_exit);
 
 	return 0;
 }

From 9c9b959405d22749d4bef16fbc1af9d44ca3b937 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ryuukumar <adityakumar4644@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 16 May 2026 12:01:43 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 25/29] Implement scrolling on the console

Scrolling is done with PgUp + PgDown
---
 kernel/include/kernel/con/con.h |  3 +++
 kernel/src/kernel/con/con.c     | 10 ++++++++++
 kernel/src/kernel/hw/keyboard.c |  7 ++++++-
 3 files changed, 19 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/kernel/include/kernel/con/con.h b/kernel/include/kernel/con/con.h
index 2ae58000..3c85e4aa 100644
--- a/kernel/include/kernel/con/con.h
+++ b/kernel/include/kernel/con/con.h
@@ -13,6 +13,9 @@ bool con_update_cache_clear (void);
 void con_update_upd (bool cached);
 int	 con_update (void);
 
+void con_scrollup (size_t howmuch);
+void con_scrolldown (size_t howmuch);
+
 int	 add_char (unsigned char c);
 void init_con (size_t screen_width, size_t screen_height, size_t x_padding, size_t y_padding,
 			   size_t char_spacing, size_t line_padding, size_t font_multiplier);
diff --git a/kernel/src/kernel/con/con.c b/kernel/src/kernel/con/con.c
index 5ec6f598..2c9f789f 100644
--- a/kernel/src/kernel/con/con.c
+++ b/kernel/src/kernel/con/con.c
@@ -24,6 +24,16 @@ void con_update_upd (bool cached) { update_flag = cached; }
 
 int con_update (void) { return write_to_gfx (&console); }
 
+void con_scrollup (size_t howmuch) {
+	console_scrollup (&console, howmuch);
+	write_to_gfx (&console);
+}
+
+void con_scrolldown (size_t howmuch) {
+	console_scrolldown (&console, howmuch);
+	write_to_gfx (&console);
+}
+
 int add_char (unsigned char c) {
 	int					 error = 0;
 	console_parameters_t params = console_getparams (&console);
diff --git a/kernel/src/kernel/hw/keyboard.c b/kernel/src/kernel/hw/keyboard.c
index 67d45369..df4b28c3 100644
--- a/kernel/src/kernel/hw/keyboard.c
+++ b/kernel/src/kernel/hw/keyboard.c
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #include <kclib/string.h>
+#include <kernel/con/con.h>
 #include <kernel/error.h>
 #include <kernel/hw/keyboard.h>
 #include <kernel/hw/keypress_map.h>
@@ -60,7 +61,11 @@ static void kb_handler (registers_t* registers) {
 	if (kb_read_status_register ().out_buffer_full) {
 		unsigned char scancode = inb (kb_ps2_data_port);
 		unsigned char processed = map_keypress (kb_statemachine, scancode);
-		if (processed != 0) {
+		if (processed == kb_action_pgup) {
+			con_scrollup (3);
+		} else if (processed == kb_action_pgdn) {
+			con_scrolldown (3);
+		} else if (processed != 0) {
 			push_charqueue (kb_keypress_charqueue, processed);
 			if (kb_tty_handler) kb_tty_handler (processed);
 		}

From 20d3a9f3e8d49f6338e5d61accc84b7039005775 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ryuukumar <adityakumar4644@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 16 May 2026 12:13:33 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 26/29] Add buildin clear + fix issue where consecutive ansi
 sequences would not be parsed

---
 kernel/src/kernel/con/con.c              |  4 ++--
 user/cosh/include/builtin.h              |  1 +
 user/cosh/src/builtin/clear.c            | 11 +++++++++++
 user/cosh/src/builtin/dispatch_builtin.c |  2 ++
 4 files changed, 16 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 user/cosh/src/builtin/clear.c

diff --git a/kernel/src/kernel/con/con.c b/kernel/src/kernel/con/con.c
index 2c9f789f..ef118729 100644
--- a/kernel/src/kernel/con/con.c
+++ b/kernel/src/kernel/con/con.c
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ static console_t* console = nullptr;
 static bool		  update_flag = true;
 
 static bool in_esc = false;
-static bool in_csi = false;
 
 bool con_update_cache_set (void) {
 	bool cached = update_flag;
@@ -45,7 +44,8 @@ int add_char (unsigned char c) {
 				console_putchar (&console, (unsigned char)buf[i]);
 			clear_ansi_buffer ();
 			in_esc = false;
-			in_csi = false;
+		} else if (status == ANSI_VALID) {
+			in_esc = false;
 		}
 	} else if (c == '\x7F') {
 		idx_t idx = console_getidx (&console);
diff --git a/user/cosh/include/builtin.h b/user/cosh/include/builtin.h
index aa3e17c1..11f90a73 100644
--- a/user/cosh/include/builtin.h
+++ b/user/cosh/include/builtin.h
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 int dispatch_builtin (size_t argc, char** argv);
 
 int builtin_chdir (int argc, char** argv);
+int builtin_clear (int argc, char** argv);
 int builtin_echo (int argc, char** argv);
 int builtin_eval (int argc, char** argv);
 int builtin_exit (int argc, char** argv);
diff --git a/user/cosh/src/builtin/clear.c b/user/cosh/src/builtin/clear.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..93a0cc82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user/cosh/src/builtin/clear.c
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#include <builtin.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+int builtin_clear (int argc, char** argv) {
+	(void)argc;
+	(void)argv;
+	for (int i = 0; i < 60; i++)
+		putchar ('\n');
+	printf ("\033[1;1H");
+	return 0;
+}
diff --git a/user/cosh/src/builtin/dispatch_builtin.c b/user/cosh/src/builtin/dispatch_builtin.c
index 2c5b2f57..2395998a 100644
--- a/user/cosh/src/builtin/dispatch_builtin.c
+++ b/user/cosh/src/builtin/dispatch_builtin.c
@@ -33,6 +33,8 @@ int dispatch_builtin (size_t argc, char** argv) {
 		return builtin_source (argc, argv);
 	else if (strcmp (argv[0], "test") == 0 || strcmp (argv[0], "[") == 0)
 		return builtin_test (argc, argv);
+	else if (strcmp (argv[0], "clear") == 0)
+		return builtin_clear (argc, argv);
 
 	return -1;
 }

From 23429f810ac564b51fd7024a02489304cda33a97 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ryuukumar <adityakumar4644@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 16 May 2026 12:34:00 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 27/29] Light optimisations to clearing

---
 kernel/src/kernel/con/ansi.c  | 13 +++++++++++++
 user/cosh/src/builtin/clear.c |  7 ++-----
 2 files changed, 15 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/kernel/src/kernel/con/ansi.c b/kernel/src/kernel/con/ansi.c
index a69f098d..38ad1e4d 100644
--- a/kernel/src/kernel/con/ansi.c
+++ b/kernel/src/kernel/con/ansi.c
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 #include <kclib/string.h>
 #include <kernel/con/ansi.h>
+#include <kernel/con/con.h>
 #include <kernel/con/con_ds.h>
 #include <liballoc/liballoc.h>
 
@@ -103,6 +104,14 @@ static ansi_status_t try_parse_ansi (void) {
 		int64_t mode = (params[0] == -1) ? 0 : params[0];
 		int64_t sx = CON_IDX_X (cur), sy = CON_IDX_Y (cur);
 		int64_t ex = (int64_t)p.width - 1, ey = (int64_t)p.height - 1;
+		bool	con_flag = con_update_cache_clear ();
+
+		if (mode == 3) {
+			console_clearscrollback (ansi_console);
+			con_update_upd (con_flag);
+			break;
+		}
+
 		if (mode == 1) {
 			sx = 0;
 			sy = 0;
@@ -122,12 +131,15 @@ static ansi_status_t try_parse_ansi (void) {
 			}
 		}
 		console_goto (ansi_console, CON_IDX_X (cur), CON_IDX_Y (cur));
+		con_update_upd (con_flag);
 		break;
 	}
 
 	case 'K': { /* Erase in Line (default 0) */
 		int64_t mode = (params[0] == -1) ? 0 : params[0];
 		int64_t lx, rx;
+		bool	con_flag = con_update_cache_clear ();
+
 		if (mode == 0) {
 			lx = CON_IDX_X (cur);
 			rx = (int64_t)p.width - 1;
@@ -143,6 +155,7 @@ static ansi_status_t try_parse_ansi (void) {
 			console_putchar (ansi_console, 0);
 		}
 		console_goto (ansi_console, CON_IDX_X (cur), CON_IDX_Y (cur));
+		con_update_upd (con_flag);
 		break;
 	}
 
diff --git a/user/cosh/src/builtin/clear.c b/user/cosh/src/builtin/clear.c
index 93a0cc82..c4995243 100644
--- a/user/cosh/src/builtin/clear.c
+++ b/user/cosh/src/builtin/clear.c
@@ -2,10 +2,7 @@
 #include <stdio.h>
 
 int builtin_clear (int argc, char** argv) {
-	(void)argc;
-	(void)argv;
-	for (int i = 0; i < 60; i++)
-		putchar ('\n');
-	printf ("\033[1;1H");
+	(void)argc, (void)argv;
+	printf ("\033[2J\033[3J\033[H");
 	return 0;
 }

From adcdcd5f311486a3b013732ac1a529872571c1b6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ryuukumar <adityakumar4644@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 16 May 2026 12:35:58 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 28/29] Delete the old console

---
 kernel/include/kernel/oldconsole.h |  19 ----
 kernel/src/kernel/oldconsole.c     | 152 -----------------------------
 2 files changed, 171 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 kernel/include/kernel/oldconsole.h
 delete mode 100644 kernel/src/kernel/oldconsole.c

diff --git a/kernel/include/kernel/oldconsole.h b/kernel/include/kernel/oldconsole.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 8e38c8ae..00000000
--- a/kernel/include/kernel/oldconsole.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include <stdbool.h>
-#include <stddef.h>
-#include <stdint.h>
-
-#define TAB_WIDTH 8
-
-void   set_update_on_putch (bool);
-bool   get_update_on_putch (void);
-void   set_idx (size_t);
-size_t get_idx (void);
-
-void init_console (size_t, size_t, size_t, size_t, size_t, size_t, size_t);
-void set_color (uint32_t);
-void update (void);
-
-void putchar (unsigned char);
-void putstr (const char*, size_t);
diff --git a/kernel/src/kernel/oldconsole.c b/kernel/src/kernel/oldconsole.c
deleted file mode 100644
index b331dc54..00000000
--- a/kernel/src/kernel/oldconsole.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,152 +0,0 @@
-#include <kclib/ctype.h>
-#include <kclib/string.h>
-#include <kernel/graphics.h>
-#include <kernel/hardfonts/classic.h>
-#include <kernel/oldconsole.h>
-#include <stddef.h>
-#include <stdint.h>
-
-#define CONSOLE_HEIGHT 80
-#define CONSOLE_WIDTH  140
-
-bool PUTCH_UPDATE = false;
-
-unsigned char bufferstr[CONSOLE_HEIGHT * CONSOLE_WIDTH] = {
-	0}; // TODO: replace this with malloc when implemented
-uint32_t colorbufferstr[CONSOLE_HEIGHT * CONSOLE_WIDTH] = {
-	0xffffff}; // TODO: replace this with malloc when implemented
-unsigned char* buffer = bufferstr;
-uint32_t*	   colorbuffer = colorbufferstr;
-size_t		   x, y, xs, ys, xsp, ysp, xc, yc, fs;
-size_t		   idx = 0;
-
-uint32_t color = 0xeeeeee;
-
-/*!
-Set PUTCH_UPDATE
-
-@param	set value to set to
-*/
-void set_update_on_putch (bool set) { PUTCH_UPDATE = set; }
-
-/*!
-Get PUTCH_UPDATE
-
-@return	PUTCH_UPDATE
-*/
-bool get_update_on_putch () { return PUTCH_UPDATE; }
-
-/*!
-Set idx
-
-@param	set value to set to
-*/
-void set_idx (size_t set) { idx = set; }
-
-/*!
-Get idx
-
-@return	idx
-*/
-size_t get_idx () { return idx; }
-
-/*!
-Initialise the console with the default (classic) font
-
-@param	x_screen screen width
-@param	y_screen screen height
-@param	x_pad padding around sides
-@param	y_pad padding around top and bottom
-@param	x_spc spacing between characters
-@param	y_spc spacing between lines
-@param	font_size font size
-*/
-void init_console (size_t x_screen, size_t y_screen, size_t x_pad, size_t y_pad, size_t x_spc,
-				   size_t y_spc, size_t font_size) {
-	x = x_screen - 2 * x_pad;
-	y = y_screen - 2 * y_pad;
-
-	xc = (x / ((5 + x_spc) * font_size) > CONSOLE_WIDTH) ? CONSOLE_WIDTH
-														 : x / ((5 + x_spc) * font_size);
-	yc = (y / ((8 + y_spc) * font_size) > CONSOLE_HEIGHT) ? CONSOLE_HEIGHT
-														  : y / ((8 + y_spc) * font_size);
-
-	xsp = x_spc;
-	ysp = y_spc;
-
-	xs = x_pad;
-	ys = y_pad;
-
-	fs = font_size;
-
-	kmemset (buffer, 32, xc * yc);
-}
-
-/*!
-Set the screen color.
-
-@param	c RGB color
-*/
-void set_color (uint32_t c) { color = c; }
-
-/*!
-Update the display.
-*/
-void update () {
-	for (size_t pos = 0; pos < xc * yc; pos++) {
-		size_t i = pos / xc;
-		size_t j = pos % xc;
-		renderGlyph (glyph (buffer[pos]), 8, 5, xs + (fs * j * (5 + xsp)),
-					 ys + (fs * i * (8 + ysp)), fs, colorbuffer[pos]);
-	}
-}
-
-/*!
-Register a character to the screen buffer.
-
-@param	rc character to register
-@param	index position to print it on
-*/
-static void registerChar (unsigned char rc, int index) {
-	buffer[index] = rc;
-	colorbuffer[index] = color;
-}
-
-/*!
-Print a single character to the screen.
-
-@param	rc character to print
-*/
-void putchar (unsigned char rc) {
-	switch (rc) {
-	case '\n':
-		idx = ((idx / xc) + 1) * xc;
-		if (idx >= xc * yc) idx -= xc * yc;
-		return;
-	case '\r':
-		idx -= idx % xc;
-		return;
-	case '\b':
-		idx--;
-		return;
-	case '\x7F':
-		idx--;
-		registerChar (0, idx);
-		return;
-	}
-	registerChar (rc, idx);
-	idx++;
-	if (PUTCH_UPDATE) update ();
-}
-
-/*!
-Print a string to the screen.
-
-@param	str string to print
-@param	len length of string
-*/
-void putstr (const char* str, size_t len) {
-	for (size_t i = 0; i < len; i++)
-		putchar (str[i]);
-	update ();
-}

From f43016a6b80c3d43b22e89081e73c9d5ecfb5ce7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ryuukumar <adityakumar4644@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 16 May 2026 12:42:32 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 29/29] Handle tabs in the new console

---
 kernel/include/kernel/con/con.h |  4 +---
 kernel/src/kernel/con/con.c     | 10 ++++++++++
 2 files changed, 11 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/kernel/include/kernel/con/con.h b/kernel/include/kernel/con/con.h
index 3c85e4aa..d9e98e60 100644
--- a/kernel/include/kernel/con/con.h
+++ b/kernel/include/kernel/con/con.h
@@ -4,9 +4,7 @@
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <utils/varray.h>
 
-#ifdef TAB_WIDTH
-#undef TAB_WIDTH
-#endif
+#define TAB_WIDTH 8
 
 bool con_update_cache_set (void);
 bool con_update_cache_clear (void);
diff --git a/kernel/src/kernel/con/con.c b/kernel/src/kernel/con/con.c
index ef118729..22ff2e3b 100644
--- a/kernel/src/kernel/con/con.c
+++ b/kernel/src/kernel/con/con.c
@@ -60,6 +60,16 @@ int add_char (unsigned char c) {
 	} else if (c == '\r') {
 		idx_t idx = console_getidx (&console);
 		console_goto (&console, 0, CON_IDX_Y (idx));
+	} else if (c == '\t') {
+		idx_t  idx = console_getidx (&console);
+		size_t x_next_tabstop = TAB_WIDTH * ((CON_IDX_X (idx) + TAB_WIDTH - 1) / TAB_WIDTH);
+		if (x_next_tabstop >= params.width)
+			if (CON_IDX_Y (idx) + 1 == params.height)
+				console_putchar (&console, '\n');
+			else
+				console_goto (&console, 0, CON_IDX_Y (idx) + 1);
+		else
+			console_goto (&console, x_next_tabstop, CON_IDX_Y (idx));
 	} else if (c == '\033') {
 		in_esc = true;
 	} else {