diff --git a/src/Body/MeasureCell.tsx b/src/Body/MeasureCell.tsx
index 275e26d94..be746e46f 100644
--- a/src/Body/MeasureCell.tsx
+++ b/src/Body/MeasureCell.tsx
@@ -1,30 +1,20 @@
 import * as React from 'react';
 import ResizeObserver from '@rc-component/resize-observer';
-import { useLayoutEffect } from '@rc-component/util';
 
 export interface MeasureCellProps {
   columnKey: React.Key;
-  onColumnResize: (key: React.Key, width: number) => void;
   title?: React.ReactNode;
 }
-
+/**
+ * Measure cell renders the td used for width measurement and reports its
+ * size changes to the MeasureRow collection (#1507).
+ */
 const MeasureCell: React.FC<MeasureCellProps> = props => {
-  const { columnKey, onColumnResize, title } = props;
-
-  const cellRef = React.useRef<HTMLTableCellElement>(null);
-
-  useLayoutEffect(() => {
-    if (cellRef.current) {
-      onColumnResize(columnKey, cellRef.current.offsetWidth);
-    }
-  }, []);
+  const { columnKey, title } = props;
 
   return (
     <ResizeObserver data={columnKey}>
-      <td
-        ref={cellRef}
-        style={{ paddingTop: 0, paddingBottom: 0, borderTop: 0, borderBottom: 0, height: 0 }}
-      >
+      <td style={{ paddingTop: 0, paddingBottom: 0, borderTop: 0, borderBottom: 0, height: 0 }}>
         <div style={{ height: 0, overflow: 'hidden', fontWeight: 'bold' }}>{title || '\xa0'}</div>
       </td>
     </ResizeObserver>
diff --git a/src/Body/MeasureRow.tsx b/src/Body/MeasureRow.tsx
index 264116a2c..707afbb6f 100644
--- a/src/Body/MeasureRow.tsx
+++ b/src/Body/MeasureRow.tsx
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 import * as React from 'react';
 import ResizeObserver from '@rc-component/resize-observer';
-import MeasureCell from './MeasureCell';
-import { isVisible } from '@rc-component/util';
+import { isVisible, useEvent, useLayoutEffect } from '@rc-component/util';
 import { useContext } from '@rc-component/context';
 import TableContext from '../context/TableContext';
 import type { ColumnType } from '../interface';
+import MeasureCell from './MeasureCell';
 
 export interface MeasureRowProps {
   prefixCls: string;
@@ -23,6 +23,37 @@ const MeasureRow: React.FC<MeasureRowProps> = ({
 
   const { measureRowRender } = useContext(TableContext, ['measureRowRender']);
 
+  // Read every cell width in one synchronous pass. The reads have no writes
+  // between them, so the row costs one layout instead of one per cell, and
+  // every onColumnResize call batches into a single state update (#1507).
+  // It covers mount and column-set changes; later width changes (a column
+  // gaining width while the table keeps its width, auto layout reacting to
+  // fonts or content) are reported by the per-cell observers below, which a
+  // row-level observer can not see.
+  const measureColumns = useEvent(() => {
+    const row = ref.current;
+    if (!row || !isVisible(row)) {
+      return;
+    }
+    const cells = row.children;
+    columnsKey.forEach((columnKey, index) => {
+      const cell = cells[index];
+      if (cell) {
+        onColumnResize(columnKey, (cell as HTMLTableCellElement).offsetWidth);
+      }
+    });
+  });
+
+  // Serialize with separators: ['a_b', 'c'] and ['a', 'b_c'] are different
+  // column sets and must re-measure even though they join to the same string.
+  const columnsKeyStr = JSON.stringify(columnsKey);
+
+  useLayoutEffect(() => {
+    measureColumns();
+    // measureColumns is a stable useEvent handle; only the column set re-runs it.
+    // eslint-disable-next-line react-hooks/exhaustive-deps
+  }, [columnsKeyStr]);
+
   const measureRow = (
     <tr aria-hidden="true" className={`${prefixCls}-measure-row`} style={{ height: 0 }} ref={ref}>
       <ResizeObserver.Collection
@@ -40,14 +71,7 @@ const MeasureRow: React.FC<MeasureRowProps> = ({
           const titleForMeasure = React.isValidElement<React.RefAttributes<any>>(rawTitle)
             ? React.cloneElement(rawTitle, { ref: null })
             : rawTitle;
-          return (
-            <MeasureCell
-              key={columnKey}
-              columnKey={columnKey}
-              onColumnResize={onColumnResize}
-              title={titleForMeasure}
-            />
-          );
+          return <MeasureCell key={columnKey} columnKey={columnKey} title={titleForMeasure} />;
         })}
       </ResizeObserver.Collection>
     </tr>
diff --git a/tests/FixedHeader.spec.jsx b/tests/FixedHeader.spec.jsx
index 29add88f3..6dae051fd 100644
--- a/tests/FixedHeader.spec.jsx
+++ b/tests/FixedHeader.spec.jsx
@@ -141,6 +141,104 @@ describe('Table.FixedHeader', () => {
     vi.useRealTimers();
   });
 
+  it('re-measures when the column set changes', async () => {
+    const { container, rerender } = render(
+      <Table
+        columns={[{ dataIndex: 'light' }]}
+        data={[{ light: 'bamboo', key: 1 }]}
+        scroll={{ y: 10 }}
+      />,
+    );
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      vi.runAllTimers();
+      await Promise.resolve();
+    });
+    const headerCols = () =>
+      [...container.querySelectorAll('.rc-table-header table col')].map(col => col.style.width);
+    expect(headerCols()[0]).toEqual('100px');
+
+    // A wider column set must be measured again without waiting for a resize.
+    rerender(
+      <Table
+        columns={[{ dataIndex: 'light' }, { dataIndex: 'bamboo' }, { dataIndex: 'extra' }]}
+        data={[{ light: 'bamboo', bamboo: 'light', extra: '!', key: 1 }]}
+        scroll={{ y: 10 }}
+      />,
+    );
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      vi.runAllTimers();
+      await Promise.resolve();
+    });
+
+    const widths = headerCols();
+    expect(widths).toHaveLength(4); // 3 measured columns + the scroll gutter
+    expect(widths[0]).toEqual('100px');
+    expect(widths[1]).toEqual('100px');
+    expect(widths[2]).toEqual('100px');
+
+    vi.useRealTimers();
+  });
+
+  it('re-measures when new column keys collide in a joined identifier', async () => {
+    const { container, rerender } = render(
+      <Table columns={[{ key: 'a_b' }, { key: 'c' }]} data={[{ key: 1 }]} scroll={{ y: 10 }} />,
+    );
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      vi.runAllTimers();
+      await Promise.resolve();
+    });
+
+    // ['a_b', 'c'] -> ['a', 'b_c'] keep the same joined form 'a_b_c'.
+    rerender(
+      <Table columns={[{ key: 'a' }, { key: 'b_c' }]} data={[{ key: 1 }]} scroll={{ y: 10 }} />,
+    );
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      vi.runAllTimers();
+      await Promise.resolve();
+    });
+
+    const widths = [...container.querySelectorAll('.rc-table-header table col')].map(
+      col => col.style.width,
+    );
+    expect(widths[0]).toEqual('100px');
+    expect(widths[1]).toEqual('100px');
+
+    vi.useRealTimers();
+  });
+
+  it('reports a cell resize when the row keeps its size', async () => {
+    const { container } = render(
+      <Table
+        columns={[{ dataIndex: 'light' }, { dataIndex: 'bamboo' }]}
+        data={[{ light: 'bamboo', bamboo: 'light', key: 1 }]}
+        scroll={{ y: 10 }}
+      />,
+    );
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      vi.runAllTimers();
+      await Promise.resolve();
+    });
+    const headerCols = () =>
+      [...container.querySelectorAll('.rc-table-header table col')].map(col => col.style.width);
+    expect(headerCols()[0]).toEqual('100px');
+
+    // Width moves between columns (fixed layout, constant table width):
+    // only cells change size, the measure row keeps its own size.
+    measureWidth = 80;
+    const cells = container.querySelectorAll('.rc-table-measure-row td');
+    await triggerResize(cells[0]);
+
+    expect(headerCols()[0]).toEqual('80px');
+    expect(headerCols()[1]).toEqual('100px');
+
+    vi.useRealTimers();
+  });
+
   it('do not mask as fixed in nested table parent cell', async () => {
     const columns = [
       {