diff --git a/src/Expectations/OppositeExpectation.php b/src/Expectations/OppositeExpectation.php
index 397e6b8a9..9a8cf14a6 100644
--- a/src/Expectations/OppositeExpectation.php
+++ b/src/Expectations/OppositeExpectation.php
@@ -72,9 +72,25 @@ public function toUse(array|string $targets): ArchExpectation
         /** @var Expectation<array<int, string>|string> $original */
         $original = $this->original;
 
-        return GroupArchExpectation::fromExpectations($original, array_map(fn (string $target): SingleArchExpectation => ToUse::make($original, $target)->opposite(
-            fn (): never => $this->throwExpectationFailedException('toUse', $target),
-        ), is_string($targets) ? [$targets] : $targets));
+        /** @var array<int, string> $subjects */
+        $subjects = is_string($original->value) ? [$original->value] : $original->value;
+        $dependencies = is_string($targets) ? [$targets] : $targets;
+
+        /** @var array<int, SingleArchExpectation> $expectations */
+        $expectations = [];
+
+        foreach ($subjects as $subject) {
+            $subjectExpectation = new Expectation($original->value);
+            $subjectExpectation->value = $subject;
+
+            foreach ($dependencies as $dependency) {
+                $expectations[] = ToUse::make($subjectExpectation, $dependency)->opposite(
+                    fn (): never => $this->throwExpectationFailedException('toUse', $dependency),
+                );
+            }
+        }
+
+        return GroupArchExpectation::fromExpectations($original, $expectations);
     }
 
     public function toHaveFileSystemPermissions(string $permissions): ArchExpectation
diff --git a/tests/.snapshots/success.txt b/tests/.snapshots/success.txt
index 39bd3f9e4..261131f3f 100644
--- a/tests/.snapshots/success.txt
+++ b/tests/.snapshots/success.txt
@@ -435,6 +435,14 @@
    PASS  Tests\Features\Expect\not
   ✓ not property calls
 
+   PASS  Tests\Features\Expect\notToUse
+  ✓ single target negation fails when the target uses the dependency
+  ✓ single target negation passes when the target does not use the dependency
+  ✓ multi target negation fails when any target uses the dependency
+  ✓ multi target negation passes when no target uses the dependency
+  ✓ multi target negation fails when any target uses any listed dependency
+  ✓ positive to use still fails when one target skips the dependency
+
    PASS  Tests\Features\Expect\pipes
   ✓ pipe is applied and can stop pipeline
   ✓ pipe is run and can let the pipeline keep going
@@ -2321,4 +2329,4 @@
   ✓ pass with dataset with ('my-datas-set-value')
   ✓ within describe → pass with dataset with ('my-datas-set-value')
 
-  Tests:    2 deprecated, 4 warnings, 5 incomplete, 2 notices, 40 todos, 37 skipped, 1648 passed (3649 assertions)
\ No newline at end of file
+  Tests:    2 deprecated, 4 warnings, 5 incomplete, 2 notices, 40 todos, 37 skipped, 1654 passed (3673 assertions)
diff --git a/tests/Features/Expect/notToUse.php b/tests/Features/Expect/notToUse.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9229ef99c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Features/Expect/notToUse.php
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+use PHPUnit\Framework\ExpectationFailedException;
+use Tests\Fixtures\Arch\NotToUse\AlsoClean;
+use Tests\Fixtures\Arch\NotToUse\Clean;
+use Tests\Fixtures\Arch\NotToUse\Dependency;
+use Tests\Fixtures\Arch\NotToUse\OtherDependency;
+use Tests\Fixtures\Arch\NotToUse\UsesDependency;
+
+test('single target negation fails when the target uses the dependency')
+    ->throws(ExpectationFailedException::class)
+    ->expect(UsesDependency::class)
+    ->not->toUse(Dependency::class);
+
+test('single target negation passes when the target does not use the dependency')
+    ->expect(Clean::class)
+    ->not->toUse(Dependency::class);
+
+test('multi target negation fails when any target uses the dependency')
+    ->throws(ExpectationFailedException::class)
+    ->expect([UsesDependency::class, Clean::class])
+    ->not->toUse(Dependency::class);
+
+test('multi target negation passes when no target uses the dependency')
+    ->expect([Clean::class, AlsoClean::class])
+    ->not->toUse(Dependency::class);
+
+test('multi target negation fails when any target uses any listed dependency')
+    ->throws(ExpectationFailedException::class)
+    ->expect([UsesDependency::class, Clean::class])
+    ->not->toUse([Dependency::class, OtherDependency::class]);
+
+test('positive to use still fails when one target skips the dependency')
+    ->throws(ExpectationFailedException::class)
+    ->expect([UsesDependency::class, Clean::class])
+    ->toUse(Dependency::class);
diff --git a/tests/Fixtures/Arch/NotToUse/AlsoClean.php b/tests/Fixtures/Arch/NotToUse/AlsoClean.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0f903344a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Fixtures/Arch/NotToUse/AlsoClean.php
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Tests\Fixtures\Arch\NotToUse;
+
+final class AlsoClean {}
diff --git a/tests/Fixtures/Arch/NotToUse/Clean.php b/tests/Fixtures/Arch/NotToUse/Clean.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9e5f8ad7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Fixtures/Arch/NotToUse/Clean.php
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Tests\Fixtures\Arch\NotToUse;
+
+final class Clean {}
diff --git a/tests/Fixtures/Arch/NotToUse/Dependency.php b/tests/Fixtures/Arch/NotToUse/Dependency.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..edbf74d15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Fixtures/Arch/NotToUse/Dependency.php
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Tests\Fixtures\Arch\NotToUse;
+
+final class Dependency {}
diff --git a/tests/Fixtures/Arch/NotToUse/OtherDependency.php b/tests/Fixtures/Arch/NotToUse/OtherDependency.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..67bcfb9f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Fixtures/Arch/NotToUse/OtherDependency.php
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Tests\Fixtures\Arch\NotToUse;
+
+final class OtherDependency {}
diff --git a/tests/Fixtures/Arch/NotToUse/UsesDependency.php b/tests/Fixtures/Arch/NotToUse/UsesDependency.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..adcb40c73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Fixtures/Arch/NotToUse/UsesDependency.php
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Tests\Fixtures\Arch\NotToUse;
+
+final class UsesDependency
+{
+    public function make(): Dependency
+    {
+        return new Dependency;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/Visual/Parallel.php b/tests/Visual/Parallel.php
index 84f7336c6..8211df121 100644
--- a/tests/Visual/Parallel.php
+++ b/tests/Visual/Parallel.php
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
     $output = $run('--exclude-group=integration');
     $output = implode("\n", array_slice(explode("\n", (string) $output), -10));
 
-    $expected = '2 deprecated, 4 warnings, 5 incomplete, 3 notices, 40 todos, 29 skipped, 1622 passed (3577 assertions)';
+    $expected = '2 deprecated, 4 warnings, 5 incomplete, 3 notices, 40 todos, 29 skipped, 1628 passed (3601 assertions)';
 
     expect($output)
         ->toContain("Tests:    {$expected}")