diff --git a/src/Contracts/Plugins/ObservesExitCode.php b/src/Contracts/Plugins/ObservesExitCode.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d42202571
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/Contracts/Plugins/ObservesExitCode.php
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+<?php
+
+declare(strict_types=1);
+
+namespace Pest\Contracts\Plugins;
+
+interface ObservesExitCode
+{
+    public function observeExitCode(int $exitCode): void;
+}
diff --git a/src/Plugins/Actions/CallsAddsOutput.php b/src/Plugins/Actions/CallsAddsOutput.php
index c7fb58682..868baf7f7 100644
--- a/src/Plugins/Actions/CallsAddsOutput.php
+++ b/src/Plugins/Actions/CallsAddsOutput.php
@@ -7,20 +7,24 @@
 use Pest\Contracts\Plugins;
 use Pest\Plugin\Loader;
 
-/**
- * @internal
- */
 final class CallsAddsOutput
 {
     public static function execute(int $exitCode): int
     {
         $plugins = Loader::getPlugins(Plugins\AddsOutput::class);
 
-        /** @var Plugins\AddsOutput $plugin */
         foreach ($plugins as $plugin) {
+            assert($plugin instanceof Plugins\AddsOutput);
+
             $exitCode = $plugin->addOutput($exitCode);
         }
 
+        foreach (Loader::getPlugins(Plugins\ObservesExitCode::class) as $plugin) {
+            assert($plugin instanceof Plugins\ObservesExitCode);
+
+            $plugin->observeExitCode($exitCode);
+        }
+
         return $exitCode;
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/.snapshots/success.txt b/tests/.snapshots/success.txt
index 39bd3f9e4..c04270c02 100644
--- a/tests/.snapshots/success.txt
+++ b/tests/.snapshots/success.txt
@@ -1823,6 +1823,15 @@
    PASS  Tests\Unit\Overrides\ThrowableBuilder
   ✓ collision editor can be added to the stack trace
 
+   PASS  Tests\Unit\Plugins\Actions\CallsAddsOutput
+  ✓ exit code observers run after every output plugin
+  ✓ exit code observers receive unchanged codes when there are no output plugins with (0)
+  ✓ exit code observers receive unchanged codes when there are no output plugins with (1)
+  ✓ exit code observers receive unchanged codes when there are no output plugins with (2)
+  ✓ exit code observers receive unchanged codes when there are no output plugins with (42)
+  ✓ output plugins work without exit code observers
+  ✓ exit code observers are not called when an output plugin throws
+
    PASS  Tests\Unit\Plugins\Concerns\HandleArguments
   ✓ method hasArgument with ('--long-argument', true)
   ✓ method hasArgument with ('-a', true)
@@ -2321,4 +2330,4 @@
   ✓ pass with dataset with ('my-datas-set-value')
   ✓ within describe → pass with dataset with ('my-datas-set-value')
 
-  Tests:    2 deprecated, 4 warnings, 5 incomplete, 2 notices, 40 todos, 37 skipped, 1648 passed (3649 assertions)
\ No newline at end of file
+  Tests:    2 deprecated, 4 warnings, 5 incomplete, 2 notices, 40 todos, 37 skipped, 1655 passed (3663 assertions)
diff --git a/tests/Unit/Plugins/Actions/CallsAddsOutput.php b/tests/Unit/Plugins/Actions/CallsAddsOutput.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..02e379688
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Unit/Plugins/Actions/CallsAddsOutput.php
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+<?php
+
+use Pest\Contracts\Plugins\AddsOutput;
+use Pest\Contracts\Plugins\ObservesExitCode;
+use Pest\Plugin\Loader;
+use Pest\Plugins\Actions\CallsAddsOutput;
+
+function withExitCodePlugins(array $plugins, Closure $test): void
+{
+    $loader = new ReflectionClass(Loader::class);
+    $instances = $loader->getProperty('instances');
+    $loaded = $loader->getProperty('loaded');
+    $previousInstances = $instances->getValue();
+    $previousLoaded = $loaded->getValue();
+
+    try {
+        $instances->setValue(null, $plugins);
+        $loaded->setValue(null, true);
+
+        $test();
+    } finally {
+        $instances->setValue(null, $previousInstances);
+        $loaded->setValue(null, $previousLoaded);
+    }
+}
+
+test('exit code observers run after every output plugin', function (): void {
+    $events = new ArrayObject;
+    $observer = new readonly class($events) implements ObservesExitCode
+    {
+        public function __construct(private ArrayObject $events) {}
+
+        public function observeExitCode(int $exitCode): void
+        {
+            $this->events[] = ['observed', $exitCode];
+        }
+    };
+    $output = new readonly class($events) implements AddsOutput
+    {
+        public function __construct(private ArrayObject $events) {}
+
+        public function addOutput(int $exitCode): int
+        {
+            $this->events[] = ['output', $exitCode];
+
+            return $exitCode + 1;
+        }
+    };
+
+    withExitCodePlugins([$observer, $output, clone $observer, clone $output], function () use ($events): void {
+        expect(CallsAddsOutput::execute(0))->toBe(2)
+            ->and($events->getArrayCopy())->toBe([
+                ['output', 0],
+                ['output', 1],
+                ['observed', 2],
+                ['observed', 2],
+            ]);
+    });
+});
+
+test('exit code observers receive unchanged codes when there are no output plugins', function (int $exitCode): void {
+    $observer = new class implements ObservesExitCode
+    {
+        public ?int $exitCode = null;
+
+        public function observeExitCode(int $exitCode): void
+        {
+            $this->exitCode = $exitCode;
+        }
+    };
+
+    withExitCodePlugins([$observer], function () use ($observer, $exitCode): void {
+        expect(CallsAddsOutput::execute($exitCode))->toBe($exitCode)
+            ->and($observer->exitCode)->toBe($exitCode);
+    });
+})->with([0, 1, 2, 42]);
+
+test('output plugins work without exit code observers', function (): void {
+    $output = new class implements AddsOutput
+    {
+        public function addOutput(int $exitCode): int
+        {
+            return 42;
+        }
+    };
+
+    withExitCodePlugins([$output], function (): void {
+        expect(CallsAddsOutput::execute(0))->toBe(42);
+    });
+});
+
+test('exit code observers are not called when an output plugin throws', function (): void {
+    $observer = new class implements ObservesExitCode
+    {
+        public bool $called = false;
+
+        public function observeExitCode(int $exitCode): void
+        {
+            $this->called = true;
+        }
+    };
+    $output = new class implements AddsOutput
+    {
+        public function addOutput(int $exitCode): int
+        {
+            throw new RuntimeException('Output failed');
+        }
+    };
+
+    withExitCodePlugins([$observer, $output], function () use ($observer): void {
+        expect(fn (): int => CallsAddsOutput::execute(0))->toThrow(RuntimeException::class, 'Output failed')
+            ->and($observer->called)->toBeFalse();
+    });
+});
diff --git a/tests/Visual/Parallel.php b/tests/Visual/Parallel.php
index 84f7336c6..324a0230e 100644
--- a/tests/Visual/Parallel.php
+++ b/tests/Visual/Parallel.php
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
     $output = $run('--exclude-group=integration');
     $output = implode("\n", array_slice(explode("\n", (string) $output), -10));
 
-    $expected = '2 deprecated, 4 warnings, 5 incomplete, 3 notices, 40 todos, 29 skipped, 1622 passed (3577 assertions)';
+    $expected = '2 deprecated, 4 warnings, 5 incomplete, 3 notices, 40 todos, 29 skipped, 1629 passed (3591 assertions)';
 
     expect($output)
         ->toContain("Tests:    {$expected}")