diff --git a/src/Execution/BatchLoader/RelationBatchLoader.php b/src/Execution/BatchLoader/RelationBatchLoader.php
index 71b36697d7..e89ee5256b 100644
--- a/src/Execution/BatchLoader/RelationBatchLoader.php
+++ b/src/Execution/BatchLoader/RelationBatchLoader.php
@@ -11,9 +11,12 @@
 class RelationBatchLoader
 {
     /**
-     * Map from unique model keys to model instances.
+     * Map from object ids to model instances.
      *
-     * @var array<string, \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model>
+     * The same row may be hydrated into multiple instances, e.g. through duplicate pivot rows.
+     * Each of them gets the relation, so they are not keyed by model key.
+     *
+     * @var array<int, \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model>
      */
     protected array $parents = [];
 
@@ -40,7 +43,7 @@ public function __construct(
     public function load(Model $model): Deferred
     {
         $modelKey = ModelKey::build($model);
-        $this->parents[$modelKey] = $model;
+        $this->parents[spl_object_id($model)] = $model;
 
         return new Deferred(function () use ($modelKey) {
             if (! $this->hasResolved) {
diff --git a/src/Execution/ModelsLoader/PaginatedModelsLoader.php b/src/Execution/ModelsLoader/PaginatedModelsLoader.php
index 46b04c44b1..236ba96174 100644
--- a/src/Execution/ModelsLoader/PaginatedModelsLoader.php
+++ b/src/Execution/ModelsLoader/PaginatedModelsLoader.php
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Relations\HasManyThrough;
 use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Relations\Relation;
 use Illuminate\Pagination\LengthAwarePaginator;
+use Nuwave\Lighthouse\Execution\Utils\ModelKey;
 use Nuwave\Lighthouse\Pagination\PaginationArgs;
 use Nuwave\Lighthouse\Pagination\ZeroPerPageLengthAwarePaginator;
 use Nuwave\Lighthouse\Support\Utils;
@@ -47,6 +48,8 @@ public function extract(Model $model): mixed
     protected function loadRelatedModels(EloquentCollection $parents): EloquentCollection
     {
         $relations = $parents->toBase()
+            // One query per row, not per instance
+            ->unique(static fn (Model $model): string => ModelKey::build($model))
             ->map(function (Model $model) use ($parents): Relation {
                 $relation = $this->relationInstance($parents);
 
@@ -59,8 +62,6 @@ protected function loadRelatedModels(EloquentCollection $parents): EloquentColle
                     $relation->addSelect($select);
                 }
 
-                $relation->initRelation([$model], $this->relation);
-
                 return $relation->forPage($this->paginationArgs->page, $this->paginationArgs->first);
             });
 
@@ -163,12 +164,13 @@ protected function loadDefaultWith(EloquentCollection $models): void
      */
     protected function associateRelationModels(EloquentCollection $parents, EloquentCollection $relatedModels): void
     {
-        $this->relationInstance($parents)
-            ->match(
-                $parents->all(),
-                $relatedModels,
-                $this->relation,
-            );
+        $relation = $this->relationInstance($parents);
+        $relation->initRelation($parents->all(), $this->relation);
+        $relation->match(
+            $parents->all(),
+            $relatedModels,
+            $this->relation,
+        );
     }
 
     /** @param  \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection<array-key, \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model>  $parents */
diff --git a/tests/Integration/Schema/Directives/HasManyDirectiveTest.php b/tests/Integration/Schema/Directives/HasManyDirectiveTest.php
index 8a7e601944..18da0bde0c 100644
--- a/tests/Integration/Schema/Directives/HasManyDirectiveTest.php
+++ b/tests/Integration/Schema/Directives/HasManyDirectiveTest.php
@@ -2,7 +2,9 @@
 
 namespace Tests\Integration\Schema\Directives;
 
+use Illuminate\Database\Events\QueryExecuted;
 use Illuminate\Support\Arr;
+use Illuminate\Support\Facades\DB;
 use Nuwave\Lighthouse\Exceptions\DefinitionException;
 use Nuwave\Lighthouse\Pagination\PaginationArgs;
 use PHPUnit\Framework\Attributes\DataProvider;
@@ -357,6 +359,108 @@ public function testQueryPaginatedHasManyFirst0(): void
             ]);
     }
 
+    public function testQueryPaginatedHasManyOnEveryInstanceOfTheSameModel(): void
+    {
+        $this->schema = /** @lang GraphQL */ <<<'GRAPHQL'
+        type Role {
+            users: [User!]! @belongsToMany
+        }
+
+        type User {
+            id: ID!
+            tasks: [Task!]! @hasMany(type: PAGINATOR)
+        }
+
+        type Task {
+            id: ID!
+        }
+
+        type Query {
+            role: Role @first
+        }
+        GRAPHQL;
+
+        $role = factory(Role::class)->create();
+        $this->assertInstanceOf(Role::class, $role);
+
+        $userWithTask = factory(User::class)->create();
+        $this->assertInstanceOf(User::class, $userWithTask);
+
+        $task = factory(Task::class)->make();
+        $this->assertInstanceOf(Task::class, $task);
+        $userWithTask->tasks()->save($task);
+
+        $userWithoutTasks = factory(User::class)->create();
+        $this->assertInstanceOf(User::class, $userWithoutTasks);
+
+        foreach ([$userWithTask, $userWithoutTasks] as $user) {
+            $role->users()->attach($user, ['meta' => 'first']);
+            $role->users()->attach($user, ['meta' => 'second']);
+        }
+
+        $withTask = [
+            'id' => (string) $userWithTask->id,
+            'tasks' => [
+                'paginatorInfo' => [
+                    'total' => 1,
+                ],
+                'data' => [
+                    [
+                        'id' => (string) $task->id,
+                    ],
+                ],
+            ],
+        ];
+        $withoutTasks = [
+            'id' => (string) $userWithoutTasks->id,
+            'tasks' => [
+                'paginatorInfo' => [
+                    'total' => 0,
+                ],
+                'data' => [],
+            ],
+        ];
+
+        $queries = [];
+        DB::listen(static function (QueryExecuted $query) use (&$queries): void {
+            $queries[] = $query->sql;
+        });
+
+        $this
+            ->graphQL(/** @lang GraphQL */ <<<'GRAPHQL'
+            {
+                role {
+                    users {
+                        id
+                        tasks(first: 10) {
+                            paginatorInfo {
+                                total
+                            }
+                            data {
+                                id
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            GRAPHQL)
+            ->assertExactJson([
+                'data' => [
+                    'role' => [
+                        'users' => [
+                            $withTask,
+                            $withTask,
+                            $withoutTasks,
+                            $withoutTasks,
+                        ],
+                    ],
+                ],
+            ]);
+
+        // One subquery per distinct user, not one per instance
+        $this->assertSame(1, substr_count(implode("\n", $queries), 'union all'));
+    }
+
     public function testQueryPaginatedHasManyWithNonUniqueForeignKey(): void
     {
         $this->schema = /** @lang GraphQL */ <<<'GRAPHQL'
diff --git a/tests/Integration/Schema/Directives/WithCountDirectiveTest.php b/tests/Integration/Schema/Directives/WithCountDirectiveTest.php
index 2a861ad740..a7e7815607 100644
--- a/tests/Integration/Schema/Directives/WithCountDirectiveTest.php
+++ b/tests/Integration/Schema/Directives/WithCountDirectiveTest.php
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 
 use Nuwave\Lighthouse\Exceptions\DefinitionException;
 use Tests\DBTestCase;
+use Tests\Utils\Models\Role;
 use Tests\Utils\Models\Task;
 use Tests\Utils\Models\User;
 
@@ -57,6 +58,57 @@ public function testEagerLoadsRelationCount(): void
         });
     }
 
+    public function testEagerLoadsRelationCountOntoEveryInstanceOfTheSameModel(): void
+    {
+        $this->schema = /** @lang GraphQL */ <<<'GRAPHQL'
+        type Query {
+            role: Role @first
+        }
+
+        type Role {
+            users: [User!]! @belongsToMany
+        }
+
+        type User {
+            tasksCountLoaded: Boolean!
+                @withCount(relation: "tasks")
+                @method
+        }
+        GRAPHQL;
+
+        $role = factory(Role::class)->create();
+        $this->assertInstanceOf(Role::class, $role);
+
+        $user = factory(User::class)->create();
+        $this->assertInstanceOf(User::class, $user);
+
+        $role->users()->attach($user, ['meta' => 'first']);
+        $role->users()->attach($user, ['meta' => 'second']);
+
+        $this->graphQL(/** @lang GraphQL */ <<<'GRAPHQL'
+        {
+            role {
+                users {
+                    tasksCountLoaded
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        GRAPHQL)->assertExactJson([
+            'data' => [
+                'role' => [
+                    'users' => [
+                        [
+                            'tasksCountLoaded' => true,
+                        ],
+                        [
+                            'tasksCountLoaded' => true,
+                        ],
+                    ],
+                ],
+            ],
+        ]);
+    }
+
     public function testFailsToEagerLoadRelationCountWithoutRelation(): void
     {
         $this->schema = /** @lang GraphQL */ <<<'GRAPHQL'
diff --git a/tests/Integration/Schema/Directives/WithDirectiveTest.php b/tests/Integration/Schema/Directives/WithDirectiveTest.php
index 30ae1c2bf4..cf77904668 100644
--- a/tests/Integration/Schema/Directives/WithDirectiveTest.php
+++ b/tests/Integration/Schema/Directives/WithDirectiveTest.php
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 use Tests\Utils\Models\Comment;
 use Tests\Utils\Models\Image;
 use Tests\Utils\Models\Post;
+use Tests\Utils\Models\Role;
 use Tests\Utils\Models\Task;
 use Tests\Utils\Models\User;
 
@@ -57,6 +58,57 @@ public function testEagerLoadsRelation(): void
         ]);
     }
 
+    public function testEagerLoadsRelationOntoEveryInstanceOfTheSameModel(): void
+    {
+        $this->schema = /** @lang GraphQL */ <<<'GRAPHQL'
+        type Query {
+            role: Role @first
+        }
+
+        type Role {
+            users: [User!]! @belongsToMany
+        }
+
+        type User {
+            tasksLoaded: Boolean!
+                @with(relation: "tasks")
+                @method
+        }
+        GRAPHQL;
+
+        $role = factory(Role::class)->create();
+        $this->assertInstanceOf(Role::class, $role);
+
+        $user = factory(User::class)->create();
+        $this->assertInstanceOf(User::class, $user);
+
+        $role->users()->attach($user, ['meta' => 'first']);
+        $role->users()->attach($user, ['meta' => 'second']);
+
+        $this->graphQL(/** @lang GraphQL */ <<<'GRAPHQL'
+        {
+            role {
+                users {
+                    tasksLoaded
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        GRAPHQL)->assertExactJson([
+            'data' => [
+                'role' => [
+                    'users' => [
+                        [
+                            'tasksLoaded' => true,
+                        ],
+                        [
+                            'tasksLoaded' => true,
+                        ],
+                    ],
+                ],
+            ],
+        ]);
+    }
+
     public function testOuterResultHandlerReceivesValueAfterEagerLoading(): void
     {
         $this->schema = /** @lang GraphQL */ <<<'GRAPHQL'