diff --git a/lib/caotral/linker.rb b/lib/caotral/linker.rb
index c27e6f5d..60c4c082 100644
--- a/lib/caotral/linker.rb
+++ b/lib/caotral/linker.rb
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ def to_elf(inputs: @inputs, output: @output, debug: @debug, shared: @shared, exe
       Caotral::Linker::Layout.new(elf:, shared:, executable:, pie:).apply!
       elf_obj = Caotral::Linker::Finalizer.new(elf:, metadata:, shared:, executable:, pie:, debug:).apply!
 
-      Caotral::Linker::Writer.new(elf_obj:, output:, debug:, shared:, executable:, pie:).write
+      Caotral::Linker::Writer.new(elf_obj:, output:).write
       File.chmod(0755, output) if executable
       output
     end
diff --git a/lib/caotral/linker/layout.rb b/lib/caotral/linker/layout.rb
index bcea0f51..0f883a97 100644
--- a/lib/caotral/linker/layout.rb
+++ b/lib/caotral/linker/layout.rb
@@ -79,10 +79,15 @@ def layout_section_headers!
         @file_offset += @elf.sections.sum { |section| section.header.build.bytesize }
       end
       def finalize_program_headers!
+        text = @elf.find_by_name(".text")
+        load_bias = text.nil? ? 0 : text.header.addr - text.header.offset
+        phdr = @elf.program_headers.any? { |ph| ph.type == :PHDR }
         @elf.program_headers.each do |ph|
           case ph.type
           when :PHDR
-            offset, vaddr, paddr, align = 64, 64, 64, 8
+            offset, align = 64, 8
+            vaddr = load_bias + offset
+            paddr = vaddr
             filesz = @elf.program_headers.size * 56
             memsz = filesz
             flags = Caotral::Binary::ELF::ProgramHeader::PF[:R]
@@ -91,13 +96,13 @@ def finalize_program_headers!
             next unless text
 
             allocated_sections = @elf.sections.select { |s| s.header.allocated? }
-            segment_start = @pie ? 0 : text.header.offset
+            segment_start = phdr ? 0 : allocated_sections.map { |s| s.header.offset }.min
             segment_end = allocated_sections.map { |s| s.header.offset + s.header.size }.max
 
             next unless segment_end
 
             offset = segment_start
-            vaddr = @pie ? 0 : text.header.addr
+            vaddr = load_bias + offset
             paddr = vaddr
             filesz = segment_end - segment_start
             memsz = filesz
@@ -106,7 +111,8 @@ def finalize_program_headers!
           when :INTERP
             interp = @elf.find_by_name(".interp")
             raise Caotral::Linker::Error, "Missing .interp section" unless interp
-            offset, vaddr, paddr, align = interp.header.offset, 0, 0, 1
+            header = interp.header
+            offset, vaddr, paddr, align = header.offset, header.addr, header.addr, 1
             filesz = interp.header.size
             memsz = filesz
             flags = Caotral::Binary::ELF::ProgramHeader::PF[:R]
@@ -117,7 +123,7 @@ def finalize_program_headers!
             offset, vaddr, paddr, align = header.offset, header.addr, header.addr, header.addralign
             filesz = header.size
             memsz = filesz
-            flags = Caotral::Binary::ELF::ProgramHeader::PF[:R]
+            flags = Caotral::Binary::ELF::ProgramHeader::PF[:RW]
           when :GNU_STACK
             offset, vaddr, paddr, align = 0, 0, 0, 0
             filesz = 0
diff --git a/lib/caotral/linker/writer.rb b/lib/caotral/linker/writer.rb
index 136965f2..876e4805 100644
--- a/lib/caotral/linker/writer.rb
+++ b/lib/caotral/linker/writer.rb
@@ -3,67 +3,26 @@
 module Caotral
   class Linker
     class Writer
-      include Caotral::Binary::ELF::Utils
-      RELOCATION_SECTION_NAMES = [".rela.text", ".rela.dyn", ".rela.data", ".rela.plt"].freeze
-      attr_reader :elf_obj, :output, :debug, :program_headers
-      def self.write!(elf_obj:, output:, debug: false, executable: true, shared: false)
-        new(elf_obj:, output:, debug:, shared:, executable:).write
-      end
-
-      def initialize(elf_obj:, output:, debug: false, executable: true, shared: false, pie: false)
-        @elf_obj, @output, @debug, @executable, @shared, @pie = elf_obj, output, debug, executable, shared, pie
-        @program_headers = elf_obj.program_headers
-        @write_sections = elf_obj.sections
-      end
+      def self.write!(elf_obj:, output:) = new(elf_obj:, output:).write
+      def initialize(elf_obj:, output:) = (@elf_obj, @output = elf_obj, output)
 
       def write
-        f = File.open(@output, "wb")
-
-        f.write(@elf_obj.header.build)
-        program_headers.each { |ph| f.write(ph.build) }
+        File.open(@output, "wb") do |file|
 
-        write_elf_sections(file: f)
-
-        # relocation
-        rel_sections.each { |rel| write_section(file: f, section: rel) }
-        write_section(file: f, section: shstrtab_section)
-        shoffset = @elf_obj.header.shoffset
-        f.seek(shoffset)
-        write_section_headers(file: f)
-        output
-      ensure
-        f.close if f
-      end
-
-      private
-      def write_elf_sections(file:)
-        write_section(file:, section: text_section)
+          file.write(@elf_obj.header.build)
+          @elf_obj.program_headers.each { |ph| file.write(ph.build) }
 
-        write_section(file:, section: rodata_section) if rodata_section
-        write_section(file:, section: data_section) if data_section
+          write_elf_sections(file:)
 
-        if plt_section
-          write_section(file:, section: plt_section)
-          raise Caotral::Binary::ELF::Error, "missing .got.plt for .plt" if got_plt_section.nil?
-          write_section(file:, section: got_plt_section)
+          file.seek(@elf_obj.header.shoffset)
+          write_section_headers(file:)
         end
-
-        write_shared_dynamic_sections(file:) if dynamic?
-        write_section(file:, section: symtab_section)
-        write_section(file:, section: strtab_section)
-      end
-
-      def write_shared_dynamic_sections(file:)
-        write_section(file:, section: interp_section) if interp_section
-        write_section(file:, section: dynstr_section) if dynstr_section
-        write_section(file:, section: dynsym_section) if dynsym_section
-        write_section(file:, section: hash_section) if dynamic?
-        write_section(file:, section: dynamic_section) if dynamic_section
+        @output
       end
 
-      def write_section_headers(file:)
-        @write_sections.each { |section| file.write(section.header.build) }
-      end
+      private
+      def write_elf_sections(file:) = @elf_obj.sections.each { |section| write_section(file:, section:) }
+      def write_section_headers(file:) = @elf_obj.sections.each { |section| file.write(section.header.build) }
 
       def write_section(file:, section:)
         return unless section
@@ -71,25 +30,6 @@ def write_section(file:, section:)
         file.seek(section.header.offset)
         file.write(section.build)
       end
-
-      def dynamic? = (@shared || @pie)
-
-      def text_section = @text_section ||= @write_sections.find { |s| ".text" === s.section_name.to_s }
-      def rel_sections = @rel_sections ||= @write_sections.select { |s| RELOCATION_SECTION_NAMES.include?(s.section_name.to_s) }
-      def symtab_section = @symtab_section ||= @write_sections.find { |s| ".symtab" === s.section_name.to_s }
-      def strtab_section = @strtab_section ||= @write_sections.find { |s| ".strtab" === s.section_name.to_s }
-      def shstrtab_section = @shstrtab_section ||= @write_sections.find { |s| ".shstrtab" === s.section_name.to_s }
-      def dynstr_section = @dynstr_section ||= @write_sections.find { |s| ".dynstr" === s.section_name.to_s }
-      def dynsym_section = @dynsym_section ||= @write_sections.find { |s| ".dynsym" === s.section_name.to_s }
-      def dynamic_section = @dynamic_section ||= @write_sections.find { |s| ".dynamic" === s.section_name.to_s }
-      def interp_section = @interp_section ||= @write_sections.find { |s| ".interp" === s.section_name.to_s }
-      def rela_dyn_section = @rela_dyn_section ||= @write_sections.find { |s| ".rela.dyn" === s.section_name.to_s }
-      def data_section = @data_section ||= @write_sections.find { |s| ".data" === s.section_name.to_s }
-      def rodata_section = @rodata_section ||= @write_sections.find { |s| ".rodata" === s.section_name.to_s }
-      def hash_section = @hash_section ||= @write_sections.find { |s| ".hash" === s.section_name.to_s }
-      def plt_section = @plt_section ||= @write_sections.find { |s| ".plt" === s.section_name.to_s }
-      def got_plt_section = @got_plt_section ||= @write_sections.find { |s| ".got.plt" === s.section_name.to_s }
-      def rela_plt_section = @rela_plt_section ||= @write_sections.find { |s| ".rela.plt" === s.section_name.to_s }
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/sig/caotral/linker/writer.rbs b/sig/caotral/linker/writer.rbs
index edb23d38..a0a16554 100644
--- a/sig/caotral/linker/writer.rbs
+++ b/sig/caotral/linker/writer.rbs
@@ -1,19 +1,8 @@
 class Caotral::Linker::Writer
   @elf_obj: Caotral::Binary::ELF
   @output: String
-  @debug: bool
-  @executable: bool
-  @shared: bool
-  @pie: bool
-  @program_headers: Array[Caotral::Binary::ELF::ProgramHeader]
-  @write_sections: Array[Caotral::Binary::ELF::Section]
 
-  attr_reader elf_obj: Caotral::Binary::ELF
-  attr_reader output: String
-  attr_reader debug: bool
-  attr_reader program_headers: Array[Caotral::Binary::ELF::ProgramHeader]
-
-  def self.write!: (elf_obj: Caotral::Binary::ELF, output: String, ?debug: bool, ?executable: bool, ?shared: bool) -> String
-  def initialize: (elf_obj: Caotral::Binary::ELF, output: String, ?debug: bool, ?executable: bool, ?shared: bool, ?pie: bool) -> void
+  def self.write!: (elf_obj: Caotral::Binary::ELF, output: String) -> String
+  def initialize: (elf_obj: Caotral::Binary::ELF, output: String) -> void
   def write: () -> String
 end
diff --git a/test/caotral/linker/integration/needed_test.rb b/test/caotral/linker/integration/needed_test.rb
index 9765c5e4..93fa7a39 100644
--- a/test/caotral/linker/integration/needed_test.rb
+++ b/test/caotral/linker/integration/needed_test.rb
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ def test_needed_in_executable
     Caotral::Linker.link!(inputs: [@input], output: @output, linker: "self", pie: true, needed: ["libc.so.6"], executable: true)
 
     IO.popen(["./#{@output}"]).close
-    pid, exit_code = check_process($?.to_i)
+    _pid, exit_code = check_process($?.to_i)
     assert_equal(0, exit_code)
   end
 
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ def test_start_in_executable
     io = IO.popen(["./#{@output}"])
     stdout = io.read
     io.close
-    pid, exit_code = check_process($?.to_i)
+    _pid, exit_code = check_process($?.to_i)
     assert_equal("hello, world!!!\n", stdout)
     assert_equal(0, exit_code)
   end
diff --git a/test/caotral/linker/integration/symbol_remap_test.rb b/test/caotral/linker/integration/symbol_remap_test.rb
index eddbbcef..0d9cf729 100644
--- a/test/caotral/linker/integration/symbol_remap_test.rb
+++ b/test/caotral/linker/integration/symbol_remap_test.rb
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ def test_remap_external_symbols
     assert_not_include(dynsym_names, "symbol_remap_external_b.c")
     assert_empty(elf.find_by_name(".rela.plt").body)
     _o, _e, status = Open3.capture3("./#{execute}")
-    ec, hc = check_process(status.to_i)
+    ec, _hc = check_process(status.to_i)
     assert_equal(ec, 42)
   end
 
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ def test_remap_external_symbols_using_glibc
     assert_include(dynsym_names, "value_from_b")
     assert_include(dynsym_names, "puts")
     _o, _e, status = Open3.capture3("./#{execute}")
-    ec, hc = check_process(status.to_i)
+    ec, _hc = check_process(status.to_i)
     assert_equal(ec, 42)
   end
 end
diff --git a/test/caotral/linker/layout_test.rb b/test/caotral/linker/layout_test.rb
index ba616518..8df6d789 100644
--- a/test/caotral/linker/layout_test.rb
+++ b/test/caotral/linker/layout_test.rb
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ def test_layout_with_dynamic
     assert_equal(dynamic.header.size, elf.program_headers[1].filesz)
     assert_equal(dynamic.header.size, elf.program_headers[1].memsz)
     assert_equal(dynamic.header.addralign, elf.program_headers[1].align)
-    assert_equal(:R, elf.program_headers[1].flags)
+    assert_equal(:RW, elf.program_headers[1].flags)
   end
 
   def test_layout_sections
diff --git a/test/caotral/linker/writer_test.rb b/test/caotral/linker/writer_test.rb
index 734dd6ce..7b077a96 100644
--- a/test/caotral/linker/writer_test.rb
+++ b/test/caotral/linker/writer_test.rb
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ def teardown
     File.delete("relocated_exec") if File.exist?("relocated_exec")
   end
   def test_write
-    written_output = Caotral::Linker::Writer.write!(elf_obj: @elf_obj, output: "write.o", debug: false)
+    written_output = Caotral::Linker::Writer.write!(elf_obj: @elf_obj, output: "write.o")
     read_written_elf = Caotral::Binary::ELF::Reader.read!(input: written_output, debug: false)
     assert_equal @elf_obj.header.shoffset, read_written_elf.header.shoffset
     assert_equal 7, read_written_elf.sections.size
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ def test_write
   end
 
   def test_execute_written
-    Caotral::Linker::Writer.write!(elf_obj: @elf_obj, output: "write", debug: false)
+    Caotral::Linker::Writer.write!(elf_obj: @elf_obj, output: "write")
     File.chmod(0755, "./write")
     IO.popen("./write").close
     exit_code, handle_code = check_process($?.to_i)
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ def test_relocation_write_and_execute
     metadata = builder.linker_metadata
     Caotral::Linker::Layout.new(elf:, shared: false, pie: false, executable: true).apply!
     Caotral::Linker::Finalizer.new(elf:, metadata:, shared: false, pie: false, executable: true, debug: false).apply!
-    Caotral::Linker::Writer.write!(elf_obj: elf, output: "relocated_exec", debug: false)
+    Caotral::Linker::Writer.write!(elf_obj: elf, output: "relocated_exec")
     File.chmod(0755, "./relocated_exec")
     IO.popen("./relocated_exec").close
     exit_code, _handle_code = check_process($?.to_i)