diff --git a/emlx/lib/emlx.ex b/emlx/lib/emlx.ex
index 00a9bb2..43190b5 100644
--- a/emlx/lib/emlx.ex
+++ b/emlx/lib/emlx.ex
@@ -1851,46 +1851,57 @@ defmodule EMLX do
 
   @behaviour Nx.Defn.Compiler
 
-  # Known EMLX-specific compiler opts. `:command_queue` is injected by
-  # `__partitions_options__/1` but may also be passed directly by callers
-  # that manage their own queues (equivalent to a manual `with_queue`).
   @valid_compiler_keys [:device, :max_concurrency, :command_queue, :hooks]
 
-  # Process-lifetime dispatch cache backing `dispatch_key/3` +
-  # `get_or_compile_program/6` (see their docs) — a compiled program is keyed
-  # by a *structural* signature of its `Expr` (not object identity), so
-  # it survives across `Nx.Defn.Graph.run/3`'s per-call re-tracing and is
-  # shared across structurally-identical call sites (e.g. every one of
-  # Qwen3's 28 attention layers), not just within one closure's lifetime.
+  # Structural program cache for `get_or_compile_program/6`.
   @native_dispatch_cache_table :emlx_native_dispatch_cache
 
-  # A second, process-lifetime cache in front of `dispatch_key/3`'s own
-  # (expensive — O(nodes), plus per-opaque-scope SHA256 hashing) structural
-  # walk, keyed by `output_expr`'s own node identity rather than its
-  # structural signature. This matters for `run_while_loop/3`'s host-driven
-  # `cond_fn`/`body_fn`: `Nx.Defn.jit/2` retraces `fn _ -> body_expr end`
-  # once and caches *that* trace by argument template, so every subsequent
-  # call re-enters `__jit__`/`build_eval_fn` with the *exact same* `Expr`
-  # (identical ids, not just structurally identical) — walking it again on
-  # every decode step is pure waste. (This is unlike `Nx.Defn.Graph.run/3`'s
-  # per-stage re-tracing, which *does* mint fresh ids each call — hence
-  # `dispatch_key/3` still has to fall back to the structural walk on a miss.)
+  # Expr-id cache in front of `dispatch_key/3`.
   @dispatch_key_by_id_table :emlx_dispatch_key_by_id
 
+  # `native_compile/3` closures. Created by `init/0`.
+  @compile_closure_table :emlx_compile_closures
+
+  @doc false
+  def init do
+    case :ets.whereis(@compile_closure_table) do
+      :undefined ->
+        :ets.new(@compile_closure_table, [
+          :named_table,
+          :public,
+          :set,
+          read_concurrency: true,
+          write_concurrency: true
+        ])
+
+      _ ->
+        :ok
+    end
+  end
+
   @impl Nx.Defn.Compiler
   def __jit__(key, vars, fun, args_list, opts) do
     __compile__(key, vars, fun, opts).(args_list)
   end
 
+  defp compile_cache_key(key, vars, hooks, device) do
+    templates =
+      Enum.map(vars, fn var -> Nx.Defn.Composite.traverse(var, &Nx.to_template/1) end)
+
+    {key, templates, hooks, device}
+  end
+
   @impl Nx.Defn.Compiler
-  def __compile__(_key, vars, fun, opts) do
+  def __compile__(key, vars, fun, opts) do
     Keyword.validate!(opts, @valid_compiler_keys)
 
-    case Keyword.get(opts, :hooks, %{}) do
+    hooks = Keyword.get(opts, :hooks, %{})
+
+    case hooks do
       empty when empty == %{} ->
         :ok
 
-      hooks ->
+      _ ->
         raise ArgumentError,
               "EMLX does not support the :hooks named-override map (got callbacks for " <>
                 "#{inspect(Map.keys(hooks))}) — :hook/:io_call expr nodes lower natively " <>
@@ -1901,7 +1912,20 @@ defmodule EMLX do
     queue = Keyword.get(opts, :command_queue)
     device = Keyword.get(opts, :device, default_device())
 
-    wrap_with_queue(queue, native_compile(vars, fun, device))
+    cache_key = compile_cache_key(key, vars, hooks, device)
+
+    eval_fn =
+      case :ets.lookup(@compile_closure_table, cache_key) do
+        [{^cache_key, cached}] ->
+          cached
+
+        [] ->
+          built = native_compile(vars, fun, device)
+          :ets.insert(@compile_closure_table, {cache_key, built})
+          built
+      end
+
+    wrap_with_queue(queue, eval_fn)
   end
 
   # Attempts to lower `fun.(vars)` to an `EMLX.Native.Expr` program and build a
diff --git a/emlx/lib/emlx/application.ex b/emlx/lib/emlx/application.ex
index 706fd0b..2d874e5 100644
--- a/emlx/lib/emlx/application.ex
+++ b/emlx/lib/emlx/application.ex
@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@ defmodule EMLX.Application do
   @doc false
   def start(_type, _args) do
     EMLX.Profiling.init()
+    EMLX.init()
     ensure_default_worker!(:cpu, _gpu_optional? = false)
     ensure_default_worker!(:gpu, _gpu_optional? = true)
     ensure_worker!(:runtime_call_worker, :cpu, _gpu_optional? = false)