refactor(sql): derive catalog configuration from properties

[blackmwk]

Part of apache/iceberg-rust#3094.

Is your feature request related to a problem or challenge?

SqlCatalogBuilder::load manually merges and parses URI, warehouse, bind-style, and schema-version properties while retaining pool, storage, and KMS properties.

Describe the solution you would like

Use the Properties derive macro for the SQL catalog property projection while preserving builder versus load precedence, preferred and legacy bind-style aliases, schema-version validation, and unmodeled properties.

Acceptance criteria:

• Public builder APIs remain unchanged.
• Load properties continue to override builder properties.
• Preferred bind-style, legacy fallback, and schema-version errors remain compatible.
• Pool, FileIO, and KMS properties remain available downstream.
• Focused unit tests cover precedence, aliases, invalid values, and property retention.

Willingness to contribute

I can contribute to this feature independently.