refactor(s3tables): derive catalog configuration from properties

[blackmwk]

Part of apache/iceberg-rust#3094.

Is your feature request related to a problem or challenge?

S3TablesCatalogBuilder::load manually parses the table bucket ARN and endpoint URL and filters the remaining AWS and storage properties.

Describe the solution you would like

Use the Properties derive macro for the S3 Tables catalog property projection while preserving builder configuration and the rule that load properties override builder values.

Acceptance criteria:

• Public builder APIs remain unchanged.
• Table bucket ARN validation remains compatible.
• Load-time bucket ARN and endpoint properties override builder values.
• Unknown AWS, FileIO, and KMS properties remain available downstream.
• Focused unit tests cover defaults, precedence, validation, and property retention.

Willingness to contribute

I can contribute to this feature independently.