diff --git a/.github/workflows/cpp_extra.yml b/.github/workflows/cpp_extra.yml
index 45f1c01a205e..6e7b738c91f4 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/cpp_extra.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/cpp_extra.yml
@@ -792,6 +792,29 @@ jobs:
               $dll = Join-Path $bin "arrow_flight_sql_odbc.dll"
               if (Test-Path $dll) {
                 Write-Host "Found ODBC DLL: $dll"
+
+                # Verify ODBC driver registration values
+                $key = "HKLM:\SOFTWARE\ODBC\ODBCINST.INI\Apache Arrow Flight SQL ODBC Driver"
+                if (-not (Test-Path $key)) {
+                  Write-Error "ODBC driver registry key not found: $key"
+                  exit 1
+                }
+                $props = Get-ItemProperty $key
+                foreach ($name in "Driver", "Setup") {
+                  Write-Host "$name = '$($props.$name)'"
+                  if ($props.$name -ne $dll) {
+                    Write-Error "Registry value '$name' should be '$dll'"
+                    exit 1
+                  }
+                }
+                if ($props.DriverODBCVer -ne "03.00") {
+                  Write-Error "Registry value 'DriverODBCVer' should be '03.00', got '$($props.DriverODBCVer)'"
+                  exit 1
+                }
+                if ($props.UsageCount -ne 1) {
+                  Write-Error "Registry value 'UsageCount' should be 1, got '$($props.UsageCount)'"
+                  exit 1
+                }
                 exit 0
               }
             }
diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/flight/sql/odbc/CMakeLists.txt b/cpp/src/arrow/flight/sql/odbc/CMakeLists.txt
index 178d144bac32..a280eb6260fd 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/flight/sql/odbc/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/flight/sql/odbc/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -255,6 +255,9 @@ if(ARROW_FLIGHT_SQL_ODBC_INSTALLER)
 
   # Load CPack after all CPACK* variables are set
   include(CPack)
+  # The component name is part of the CPack file ID referenced in
+  # install/windows/arrow-flight-sql-odbc.wxs (CM_FP_ArrowFlightSQLODBC.*).
+  # Update the .wxs if it is renamed.
   cpack_add_component(ArrowFlightSQLODBC
                       DISPLAY_NAME "ODBC library"
                       DESCRIPTION "Apache Arrow Flight SQL ODBC library bin, required to install"
diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/flight/sql/odbc/install/windows/arrow-flight-sql-odbc.wxs b/cpp/src/arrow/flight/sql/odbc/install/windows/arrow-flight-sql-odbc.wxs
index faf009b1ceff..067be179b6b6 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/flight/sql/odbc/install/windows/arrow-flight-sql-odbc.wxs
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/flight/sql/odbc/install/windows/arrow-flight-sql-odbc.wxs
@@ -25,10 +25,13 @@
 
           <RegistryKey Root="HKLM"
                       Key="Software\ODBC\ODBCINST.INI\Apache Arrow Flight SQL ODBC Driver">
-                <!-- CM_FP_arrow_flight_sql_odbc.bin.arrow_flight_sql_odbc.dll is a generated variable value from build\_CPack_Packages\win64\WIX\files.wxs -->
+                <!-- CM_FP_ArrowFlightSQLODBC.bin.arrow_flight_sql_odbc.dll is the file ID generated by CPack in
+                     build\_CPack_Packages\win64\WIX\files.wxs. Its format is CM_FP_<CPack component name>.<install path>,
+                     so it must be updated if the ArrowFlightSQLODBC component in odbc/CMakeLists.txt is renamed.
+                     If the ID does not match, Driver and Setup are silently registered as empty. -->
                 <RegistryValue Type="string" Name="DriverODBCVer" Value="03.00"/>
-                <RegistryValue Type="string" Name="Driver" Value="[#CM_FP_arrow_flight_sql_odbc.bin.arrow_flight_sql_odbc.dll]"/>
-                <RegistryValue Type="string" Name="Setup" Value="[#CM_FP_arrow_flight_sql_odbc.bin.arrow_flight_sql_odbc.dll]"/>
+                <RegistryValue Type="string" Name="Driver" Value="[#CM_FP_ArrowFlightSQLODBC.bin.arrow_flight_sql_odbc.dll]"/>
+                <RegistryValue Type="string" Name="Setup" Value="[#CM_FP_ArrowFlightSQLODBC.bin.arrow_flight_sql_odbc.dll]"/>
                 <RegistryValue Type="integer" Name="UsageCount" Value="1"/>
           </RegistryKey>
       </Component>