diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/array/builder_adaptive.h b/cpp/src/arrow/array/builder_adaptive.h
index 0cea571be3e3..2b1ce2d6dd0a 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/array/builder_adaptive.h
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/array/builder_adaptive.h
@@ -94,6 +94,12 @@ class ARROW_EXPORT AdaptiveIntBuilderBase : public ArrayBuilder {
     return Status::OK();
   }
 
+  Type::type type_id() const final {
+    // This could be more optimal, but it requires minor modifications
+    // to AdaptiveIntBuilder and AdaptiveUIntBuilder.
+    return type()->id();
+  }
+
   void Reset() override;
   Status Resize(int64_t capacity) override;
 
diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/array/builder_base.h b/cpp/src/arrow/array/builder_base.h
index 0cd57ff04dac..d14da82f7ed1 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/array/builder_base.h
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/array/builder_base.h
@@ -206,6 +206,12 @@ class ARROW_EXPORT ArrayBuilder {
   /// \brief Return the type of the built Array
   virtual std::shared_ptr<DataType> type() const = 0;
 
+  /// \brief Return the type ID of the built Array.
+  ///
+  /// Use this method when only the type ID is needed, instead of calling
+  /// type()->id(), to avoid unnecessary allocation and deallocation.
+  virtual Type::type type_id() const = 0;
+
  protected:
   /// Set the next length bits to not null (i.e. valid).
   Status SetNotNull(int64_t length);
diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/array/builder_binary.h b/cpp/src/arrow/array/builder_binary.h
index 12f7e45f3421..aab63f847c1e 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/array/builder_binary.h
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/array/builder_binary.h
@@ -391,6 +391,8 @@ class BaseBinaryBuilder
     return std::numeric_limits<offset_type>::max() - 1;
   }
 
+  Type::type type_id() const override { return TypeClass::type_id; }
+
  protected:
   TypedBufferBuilder<offset_type> offsets_builder_;
   TypedBufferBuilder<uint8_t> value_data_builder_;
@@ -711,6 +713,8 @@ class ARROW_EXPORT BinaryViewBuilder : public ArrayBuilder {
 
   std::shared_ptr<DataType> type() const override { return binary_view(); }
 
+  Type::type type_id() const override { return Type::BINARY_VIEW; }
+
  protected:
   TypedBufferBuilder<BinaryViewType::c_type> data_builder_;
 
@@ -723,6 +727,7 @@ class ARROW_EXPORT StringViewBuilder : public BinaryViewBuilder {
  public:
   using BinaryViewBuilder::BinaryViewBuilder;
   std::shared_ptr<DataType> type() const override { return utf8_view(); }
+  Type::type type_id() const override { return Type::STRING_VIEW; }
 };
 
 // ----------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -900,6 +905,8 @@ class ARROW_EXPORT FixedSizeBinaryBuilder : public ArrayBuilder {
     return fixed_size_binary(byte_width_);
   }
 
+  Type::type type_id() const override { return Type::FIXED_SIZE_BINARY; }
+
  protected:
   int32_t byte_width_;
   BufferBuilder byte_builder_;
diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/array/builder_decimal.h b/cpp/src/arrow/array/builder_decimal.h
index a0bf0a042208..b4bffd4b7f7a 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/array/builder_decimal.h
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/array/builder_decimal.h
@@ -60,6 +60,8 @@ class ARROW_EXPORT Decimal32Builder : public FixedSizeBinaryBuilder {
 
   std::shared_ptr<DataType> type() const override { return decimal_type_; }
 
+  Type::type type_id() const override { return Type::DECIMAL32; }
+
  protected:
   std::shared_ptr<Decimal32Type> decimal_type_;
 };
@@ -91,6 +93,8 @@ class ARROW_EXPORT Decimal64Builder : public FixedSizeBinaryBuilder {
 
   std::shared_ptr<DataType> type() const override { return decimal_type_; }
 
+  Type::type type_id() const override { return Type::DECIMAL64; }
+
  protected:
   std::shared_ptr<Decimal64Type> decimal_type_;
 };
@@ -122,6 +126,8 @@ class ARROW_EXPORT Decimal128Builder : public FixedSizeBinaryBuilder {
 
   std::shared_ptr<DataType> type() const override { return decimal_type_; }
 
+  Type::type type_id() const override { return Type::DECIMAL128; }
+
  protected:
   std::shared_ptr<Decimal128Type> decimal_type_;
 };
diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/array/builder_dict.h b/cpp/src/arrow/array/builder_dict.h
index 4dd4e6ea44fd..f0fc45c755fd 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/array/builder_dict.h
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/array/builder_dict.h
@@ -515,6 +515,8 @@ class DictionaryBuilderBase : public ArrayBuilder {
         ordered_);
   }
 
+  Type::type type_id() const override { return Type::DICTIONARY; }
+
  protected:
   template <typename c_type>
   Status AppendArraySliceImpl(const typename TypeTraits<T>::ArrayType& dict,
@@ -714,6 +716,8 @@ class DictionaryBuilderBase<BuilderType, NullType> : public ArrayBuilder {
         ordered_);
   }
 
+  Type::type type_id() const override { return Type::DICTIONARY; }
+
  protected:
   BuilderType indices_builder_;
   bool ordered_ = false;
diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/array/builder_nested.h b/cpp/src/arrow/array/builder_nested.h
index fdbeb0cd7d17..e67b45009a30 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/array/builder_nested.h
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/array/builder_nested.h
@@ -225,6 +225,8 @@ class VarLengthListLikeBuilder : public ArrayBuilder {
     return std::make_shared<TYPE>(value_field_->WithType(value_builder_->type()));
   }
 
+  Type::type type_id() const override { return TypeClass::type_id; }
+
  private:
   static constexpr const char* type_name() {
     if constexpr (is_list_view(TYPE::type_id)) {
@@ -617,6 +619,8 @@ class ARROW_EXPORT MapBuilder : public ArrayBuilder {
         keys_sorted_);
   }
 
+  Type::type type_id() const override { return Type::MAP; }
+
   Status ValidateOverflow(int64_t new_elements) {
     return list_builder_->ValidateOverflow(new_elements);
   }
@@ -720,6 +724,8 @@ class ARROW_EXPORT FixedSizeListBuilder : public ArrayBuilder {
     return fixed_size_list(value_field_->WithType(value_builder_->type()), list_size_);
   }
 
+  Type::type type_id() const override { return Type::FIXED_SIZE_LIST; }
+
   // Cannot make this a static attribute because of linking issues
   static constexpr int64_t maximum_elements() {
     return std::numeric_limits<FixedSizeListType::offset_type>::max() - 1;
@@ -827,6 +833,8 @@ class ARROW_EXPORT StructBuilder : public ArrayBuilder {
 
   std::shared_ptr<DataType> type() const override;
 
+  Type::type type_id() const override { return Type::STRUCT; }
+
  private:
   std::shared_ptr<DataType> type_;
 };
diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/array/builder_primitive.h b/cpp/src/arrow/array/builder_primitive.h
index 6d79d6e96499..161df637a174 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/array/builder_primitive.h
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/array/builder_primitive.h
@@ -70,6 +70,8 @@ class ARROW_EXPORT NullBuilder : public ArrayBuilder {
 
   std::shared_ptr<DataType> type() const override { return null(); }
 
+  Type::type type_id() const override { return Type::NA; }
+
   Status Finish(std::shared_ptr<NullArray>* out) { return FinishTyped(out); }
 };
 
@@ -348,6 +350,8 @@ class NumericBuilder
 
   std::shared_ptr<DataType> type() const override { return type_; }
 
+  Type::type type_id() const override { return TypeClass::type_id; }
+
  protected:
   std::shared_ptr<DataType> type_;
   TypedBufferBuilder<value_type> data_builder_;
@@ -682,6 +686,8 @@ class ARROW_EXPORT BooleanBuilder
 
   std::shared_ptr<DataType> type() const override { return boolean(); }
 
+  Type::type type_id() const override { return Type::BOOL; }
+
  protected:
   TypedBufferBuilder<bool> data_builder_;
 };
diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/array/builder_run_end.h b/cpp/src/arrow/array/builder_run_end.h
index ac92efbd0dbe..37ebce7b3c28 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/array/builder_run_end.h
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/array/builder_run_end.h
@@ -147,6 +147,8 @@ class RunCompressorBuilder : public ArrayBuilder {
 
   std::shared_ptr<DataType> type() const override { return inner_builder_->type(); }
 
+  Type::type type_id() const override { return inner_builder_->type_id(); }
+
   bool has_open_run() const { return current_run_length_ > 0; }
   int64_t open_run_length() const { return current_run_length_; }
 
@@ -258,6 +260,8 @@ class ARROW_EXPORT RunEndEncodedBuilder : public ArrayBuilder {
 
   std::shared_ptr<DataType> type() const override;
 
+  Type::type type_id() const override { return Type::RUN_END_ENCODED; }
+
  private:
   /// \brief Update physical capacity and logical length
   ///
diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/array/builder_union.h b/cpp/src/arrow/array/builder_union.h
index 718ef4c32ceb..520f0a08f520 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/array/builder_union.h
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/array/builder_union.h
@@ -64,6 +64,10 @@ class ARROW_EXPORT BasicUnionBuilder : public ArrayBuilder {
 
   std::shared_ptr<DataType> type() const override;
 
+  Type::type type_id() const override {
+    return mode_ == UnionMode::SPARSE ? Type::SPARSE_UNION : Type::DENSE_UNION;
+  }
+
   int64_t length() const override { return types_builder_.length(); }
 
  protected:
diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/builder.cc b/cpp/src/arrow/builder.cc
index 1d0a42099b3e..a9839af6c780 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/builder.cc
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/builder.cc
@@ -168,6 +168,8 @@ class ARROW_EXPORT TypeErasedIntBuilder : public ArrayBuilder {
 
   std::shared_ptr<DataType> type() const override { return builder_->type(); }
 
+  Type::type type_id() const override { return builder_->type_id(); }
+
  private:
   std::unique_ptr<ArrayBuilder> builder_;
   Type::type type_id_;