diff --git a/python/pyarrow/io.pxi b/python/pyarrow/io.pxi
index b648fbf6698..32f7bc26b1f 100644
--- a/python/pyarrow/io.pxi
+++ b/python/pyarrow/io.pxi
@@ -548,6 +548,8 @@ cdef class NativeFile(_Weakrefable):
         handle = self.get_input_stream()
 
         py_buf = py_buffer(b)
+        if not py_buf.buffer.get().is_mutable():
+            raise TypeError("readinto() argument must be a writable buffer")
         buf_len = py_buf.size
         buf = py_buf.buffer.get().mutable_data()
 
diff --git a/python/pyarrow/tests/test_io.py b/python/pyarrow/tests/test_io.py
index 8494a0ee66b..0dfe58258e2 100644
--- a/python/pyarrow/tests/test_io.py
+++ b/python/pyarrow/tests/test_io.py
@@ -217,6 +217,13 @@ def test_python_file_readinto():
         assert len(dst_buf) == length
 
 
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("dst_buf", [b"a", memoryview(b"a")])
+def test_native_file_readinto_rejects_readonly_buffer(dst_buf):
+    with pa.BufferReader(b"x") as f:
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError, match="writable buffer"):
+            f.readinto(dst_buf)
+
+
 def test_python_file_read_buffer():
     length = 10
     data = b'0123456798'