GH-51632: [C++][CI] Link OpenTelemetry libs for parquet-arrow-reader-writer-tracing-test depending on System vs Bundled OpenTelemetry (#51633)

### Rationale for this change

After merging #51606 some debian jobs that use System opentelemetry were failing with missing symbols.

### What changes are included in this PR?

Change what we link depending on bundled vs system OpenTelemetry.

### Are these changes tested?

Yes all the CI jobs that the previous issue and this new issue had failing have been exercised and are successful

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No

### Was AI used for this PR?

In accordance to the [AI generation guidelines](https://arrow.apache.org/docs/dev/developers/overview.html#ai-generated-code), please disclose below whether and how AI was used in this PR.

**PR code and description written by:**

- [x] Human
- [ ] AI

**Reviewed before submission by:**

- [x] Human
- [ ] AI
- [ ] Not reviewed

* GitHub Issue: #51632

Authored-by: Raúl Cumplido <raulcumplido@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>

Author: raulcd

cpp/src/parquet/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -413,11 +413,20 @@ add_parquet_test(arrow-reader-writer-test
                  arrow/variant_test.cc)
 
 if(ARROW_WITH_OPENTELEMETRY)
+  if(opentelemetry-cpp_SOURCE STREQUAL "SYSTEM")
+    # System OpenTelemetry is not bundled with libarrow.
+    # We need to link against it explicitly otherwise we get missing symbols.
+    set(EXTRA_TEST_LINK_LIBS ${ARROW_OPENTELEMETRY_LIBS})
+  else()
+    # Bundled OpenTelemetry is statically linked into libarrow; linking it
+    # again duplicates globals and causes a double free at exit.
+    set(EXTRA_TEST_LINK_LIBS opentelemetry-cpp::sdk)
+  endif()
   add_parquet_test(arrow-reader-writer-tracing-test
                    SOURCES
                    arrow/arrow_reader_writer_tracing_test.cc
                    EXTRA_LINK_LIBS
-                   opentelemetry-cpp::sdk)
+                   ${EXTRA_TEST_LINK_LIBS})
 endif()
 
 add_parquet_test(arrow-index-test SOURCES arrow/index_test.cc)