diff --git a/cyclops/report/model_card/base.py b/cyclops/report/model_card/base.py
index d0f6dc0db..d8ab4829c 100644
--- a/cyclops/report/model_card/base.py
+++ b/cyclops/report/model_card/base.py
@@ -1,100 +1,130 @@
 """Base classes for model card fields and sections."""
 
 import keyword
-from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, List, Literal, Optional, Union
+import typing
+from typing import Any, ClassVar, Dict, List, Literal, Optional, Union
 
 import numpy as np
-from pydantic import BaseConfig, BaseModel, Extra, root_validator
-from pydantic.fields import FieldInfo, ModelField
+from pydantic import BaseModel, ConfigDict, model_validator
+from pydantic.fields import FieldInfo
+
+
+def _unwrap_optional(annotation: Any) -> Any:
+    """Unwrap `Optional[SomeType]`/`Union[SomeType, None]` to `SomeType`."""
+    if typing.get_origin(annotation) is Union:
+        args = [arg for arg in typing.get_args(annotation) if arg is not type(None)]
+        if len(args) == 1:
+            return args[0]
+    return annotation
+
+
+def unwrap_optional_type(field_info: FieldInfo) -> Any:
+    """Get the annotated type of a field, unwrapping `Optional`/`Union[..., None]`.
+
+    All model card fields/sections are declared as `Optional[SomeType]`, so
+    `field_info.annotation` is `Union[SomeType, None]`. This returns `SomeType`.
+    """
+    return _unwrap_optional(field_info.annotation)
+
+
+def _get_list_item_type(field_info: FieldInfo) -> Any:
+    """Get the item type of a `List[X]`/`Optional[List[X]]` field annotation."""
+    annotation = _unwrap_optional(field_info.annotation)
+    if typing.get_origin(annotation) is list:
+        args = typing.get_args(annotation)
+        if args:
+            return args[0]
+    return annotation
 
 
 def _check_composable_fields(
-    cls: BaseModel,
+    cls: type,
     values: Dict[str, Any],
 ) -> Dict[str, Any]:
     """Check that the type of the field is allowed in the section."""
     for attr, value in values.items():
         if issubclass(type(value), BaseModelCardField) and (
-            value.__config__.composable_with is None
+            value.composable_with is None
             or (
-                value.__config__.composable_with != "Any"
-                and cls.__name__ not in value.__config__.composable_with  # type: ignore [attr-defined] # noqa: E501
+                value.composable_with != "Any"
+                and cls.__name__ not in value.composable_with
             )
         ):
-            print(issubclass(type(value), BaseModelCardField))
-            print(value.__config__.composable_with)
             raise ValueError(
                 f"Field `{attr}`(type={type(value)}) is not allowed in "
-                f"`{cls.__name__}` section.",  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+                f"`{cls.__name__}` section.",
             )
 
     return values
 
 
-class BaseModelCardConfig(BaseConfig):
-    """Global config for model card fields.
-
-    Attributes
-    ----------
-        extra : Extra
-            Whether to allow extra attributes in the field object.
-        smart_union : bool
-           Whether `Union` should check all allowed types before even trying to
-           coerce.
-        validate_all : bool
-            Whether to validate all attributes in the field object.
-        validate_assignment : bool
-            Whether to validate assignments of attributes in the field object.
-        json_encoders : Dict[Any, Callable]
-            Custom JSON encoders.
-
-    """
-
-    extra: Extra = Extra.allow
-    smart_union: bool = True
-    validate_all: bool = True
-    validate_assignment: bool = True
-    json_encoders: Dict[Any, Callable[..., Any]] = {np.ndarray: lambda v: v.tolist()}
+# Shared config for model card fields and sections.
+# - extra: allow extra attributes on the field/section object.
+# - validate_default: validate default values.
+# - validate_assignment: validate attribute assignments.
+# - json_encoders: custom JSON encoders.
+_MODEL_CARD_CONFIG = ConfigDict(
+    extra="allow",
+    validate_default=True,
+    validate_assignment=True,
+    json_encoders={np.ndarray: lambda v: v.tolist()},
+)
 
 
 class BaseModelCardField(BaseModel):
-    """Base class for model card fields."""
+    """Base class for model card fields.
+
+    Class Parameters
+    ----------------
+    composable_with : Literal["Any"], List[str], optional
+        The sections this field can be dynamically composed with. If "Any",
+        the field can be composed with any subclass of `BaseModelCardSection`
+        or `BaseModelCardField`. If None, the field cannot be dynamically
+        composed with any other fields or sections - it must be explicitly
+        added to a section. If a list of strings, the strings are the names
+        treated as class names for subclasses of `BaseModelCardSection` or
+        `BaseModelCardField`.
+    list_factory : bool, default=False
+        Whether multiple instances of this field can be added to a section
+        in a list.
 
-    class Config(BaseModelCardConfig):
-        """Global config for model card fields.
+    """
 
-        Attributes
-        ----------
-        composable_with : Literal["Any"], List[str], optional
-            The sections this field can be dynamically composed with. If "Any",
-            the field can be composed with any subclass of `BaseModelCardSection`
-            or `BaseModelCardField`. If None, the field cannot be dynamically
-            composed with any other fields or sections - it must be explicitly
-            added to a section. If a list of strings, the strings are the names
-            treated as class names for subclasses of `BaseModelCardSection` or
-            `BaseModelCardField`.
-        list_factory : bool, default=False
-            Whether multiple instances of this field can be added to a section
-            in a list.
+    composable_with: ClassVar[Optional[Union[Literal["Any"], List[str]]]] = "Any"
+    list_factory: ClassVar[bool] = False
 
-        """
+    model_config = _MODEL_CARD_CONFIG
 
-        composable_with: Optional[Union[Literal["Any"], List[str]]] = "Any"
-        list_factory: bool = False
+    def __init_subclass__(
+        cls,
+        composable_with: Optional[Union[Literal["Any"], List[str]]] = "Any",
+        list_factory: bool = False,
+        **kwargs: Any,
+    ) -> None:
+        """Capture the `composable_with`/`list_factory` class arguments."""
+        super().__init_subclass__(**kwargs)
+        cls.composable_with = composable_with
+        cls.list_factory = list_factory
 
-    _validate_composition = root_validator(pre=True, allow_reuse=True)(
-        _check_composable_fields,
-    )
+    @model_validator(mode="before")
+    @classmethod
+    def _validate_composition(cls, values: Any) -> Any:
+        if isinstance(values, dict):
+            return _check_composable_fields(cls, values)
+        return values
 
 
 class BaseModelCardSection(BaseModel):
     """Base class for model card sections."""
 
-    Config = BaseModelCardConfig
+    model_config = _MODEL_CARD_CONFIG
 
-    _validate_composition = root_validator(pre=True, allow_reuse=True)(
-        _check_composable_fields,
-    )
+    @model_validator(mode="before")
+    @classmethod
+    def _validate_composition(cls, values: Any) -> Any:
+        if isinstance(values, dict):
+            return _check_composable_fields(cls, values)
+        return values
 
     def update_field(self, name: str, value: Any) -> None:
         """Update the field with the given name to the given value.
@@ -114,11 +144,23 @@ def update_field(self, name: str, value: Any) -> None:
             If the field does not exist.
 
         """
-        if name not in self.__fields__:
+        if name not in type(self).model_fields:
             raise ValueError(f"Field {name} does not exist.")
 
-        field = self.__fields__[name]
+        field = type(self).model_fields[name]
         if field.default_factory == list or isinstance(getattr(self, name), list):  # noqa: E721
+            item_type = _get_list_item_type(field)
+            if (
+                isinstance(value, BaseModel)
+                and isinstance(item_type, type)
+                and not isinstance(value, item_type)
+            ):
+                # pydantic v2 does not automatically coerce an arbitrary
+                # BaseModel instance into a differently-typed nested model
+                # (unlike pydantic v1); dump it to a dict first so the list
+                # validation below can construct the expected item type.
+                value = value.model_dump()
+
             # NOTE: pydantic does not trigger validation when appending to a list,
             # but if `validate_assignment` is set to `True`, then validation will
             # be triggered when the list is assigned to the field.
@@ -150,29 +192,10 @@ def add_field(self, name: str, value: Any) -> None:
                 f" Got {name} instead.",
             )
 
-        type_ = type(value)
-        default_factory = None
-        if isinstance(value, list):
-            default_factory = list
-        if (
-            isinstance(value, BaseModelCardField)
-            and value.__config__.list_factory is True  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
-        ):
-            default_factory = list
+        if isinstance(value, BaseModelCardField) and value.list_factory is True:
             value = [value]  # add field as a list
-            type_ = List[type_]  # type: ignore[valid-type]
 
+        # with `extra="allow"`, assigning a name that is not a declared model
+        # field stores it as an extra attribute, which is included in
+        # `model_dump`/`model_dump_json` output like any other field
         setattr(self, name, value)
-
-        # modify __fields__ to include new field
-        self.__fields__[name] = ModelField(
-            name=name,
-            type_=type_,
-            required=False,
-            class_validators=None,
-            model_config=BaseModelCardField.Config,
-            default_factory=default_factory,
-            field_info=FieldInfo(unique_items=True)
-            if default_factory == list  # noqa: E721
-            else None,
-        )
diff --git a/cyclops/report/model_card/fields.py b/cyclops/report/model_card/fields.py
index f4f8162b0..eeb548577 100644
--- a/cyclops/report/model_card/fields.py
+++ b/cyclops/report/model_card/fields.py
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 import inspect
 from datetime import date as dt_date
 from datetime import datetime as dt_datetime
-from typing import Any, Dict, List, Literal, Optional, Tuple, Union
+from typing import Any, List, Literal, Optional, Tuple, Union
 
 import numpy as np
 import numpy.typing as npt
@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@
     StrictFloat,
     StrictInt,
     StrictStr,
-    root_validator,
-    validator,
+    field_validator,
+    model_validator,
 )
 
 from cyclops.report.model_card.base import BaseModelCardField
@@ -90,24 +90,33 @@ class License(
     )
     text_url: Optional[AnyUrl] = Field(None, description="A URL to the license text.")
 
-    @root_validator(skip_on_failure=True)
-    def validate_spdx_identifier(
-        cls: "License",  # noqa: N805
-        values: Dict[str, StrictStr],
-    ) -> Dict[str, Union[StrictStr, AnyUrl]]:
+    @model_validator(mode="after")
+    def validate_spdx_identifier(self) -> "License":
         """Validate the SPDX license identifier."""
-        spdx_id = values["identifier"]
+        spdx_id = self.identifier
         try:
             get_spdx_licensing().parse(spdx_id, validate=True)
-            if spdx_id not in [None, ""] and values.get("text_url") is None:
-                values["text_url"] = cls._get_license_text_url(spdx_id)  # type: ignore
+            if spdx_id not in [None, ""] and self.text_url is None:
+                text_url = self._get_license_text_url(spdx_id)
+                # bypass the validated `__setattr__` (which would re-run this
+                # "after" validator and recurse indefinitely); coerce to
+                # `AnyUrl` ourselves since validation is being skipped
+                object.__setattr__(
+                    self,
+                    "text_url",
+                    AnyUrl(text_url) if text_url is not None else None,
+                )
         except ExpressionError as exc:
-            if spdx_id.lower() not in ["proprietary", "unlicensed", "unknown"]:
+            if spdx_id is None or spdx_id.lower() not in [
+                "proprietary",
+                "unlicensed",
+                "unknown",
+            ]:
                 raise ValueError(
                     "Expected a valid SPDX license identifier "
                     f"(https://spdx.org/licenses/). Got {spdx_id} instead.",
                 ) from exc
-        return values
+        return self
 
     @staticmethod
     def _get_license_text_url(identifier: Optional[str]) -> Optional[str]:
@@ -154,9 +163,10 @@ class Citation(
         description="The citation content in BibTeX format.",
     )
 
-    @validator("content")
+    @field_validator("content")
+    @classmethod
     def parse_content(
-        cls: "Citation",  # noqa: N805
+        cls: "type[Citation]",  # noqa: N805
         value: StrictStr,
     ) -> StrictStr:
         """Parse the citation content."""
@@ -226,12 +236,10 @@ class SensitiveData(BaseModelCardField, composable_with=["Dataset"], list_factor
             "aggregated. Please describe any such fields here."
         ),
         default_factory=list,
-        unique_items=True,
     )
     sensitive_data_used: Optional[List[StrictStr]] = Field(
         description="A list of sensitive data used in the deployed model.",
         default_factory=list,
-        unique_items=True,
     )
     justification: Optional[StrictStr] = Field(
         None,
@@ -253,23 +261,19 @@ class Dataset(BaseModelCardField, composable_with=["Datasets"], list_factory=Tru
     citations: Optional[List[Citation]] = Field(
         description="How should the dataset be cited?",
         default_factory=list,
-        unique_items=True,
     )
     references: Optional[List[Reference]] = Field(
         description="Provide any additional links to resources the reader may need.",
         default_factory=list,
-        unique_items=True,
     )
     licenses: Optional[List[License]] = Field(
         description="The license information for the dataset.",
         default_factory=list,
-        unique_items=True,
     )
     version: Optional[Version] = Field(None, description="The version of the dataset.")
     features: Optional[List[StrictStr]] = Field(
         description="A list of features in the dataset.",
         default_factory=list,
-        unique_items=True,
     )
     graphics: Optional[GraphicsCollection] = Field(
         None,
@@ -419,9 +423,10 @@ class UseCase(
         ),
     )
 
-    @validator("kind")
+    @field_validator("kind")
+    @classmethod
     def kind_must_be_valid(
-        cls: "UseCase",  # noqa: N805
+        cls: "type[UseCase]",  # noqa: N805
         value: str,
     ) -> str:
         """Validate the use case kind."""
@@ -595,7 +600,7 @@ class MetricCard(
     )
 
     history: List[StrictFloat] = Field(
-        None,
+        default_factory=list,
         description="History of the metric over time.",
     )
 
diff --git a/cyclops/report/model_card/model_card.py b/cyclops/report/model_card/model_card.py
index dc75640ef..85a44a8f1 100644
--- a/cyclops/report/model_card/model_card.py
+++ b/cyclops/report/model_card/model_card.py
@@ -3,9 +3,10 @@
 import inspect
 from typing import Optional
 
-from pydantic import BaseModel, Extra, Field
+import numpy as np
+from pydantic import BaseModel, ConfigDict, Field
 
-from cyclops.report.model_card.base import BaseModelCardConfig, BaseModelCardSection
+from cyclops.report.model_card.base import BaseModelCardSection, unwrap_optional_type
 from cyclops.report.model_card.sections import (
     Considerations,
     Datasets,
@@ -26,10 +27,15 @@ class ModelCard(BaseModel):
 
     """
 
-    class Config(BaseModelCardConfig):
-        """Model Card configuration."""
-
-        extra: Extra = Extra.forbid
+    model_config = ConfigDict(
+        extra="forbid",
+        validate_default=True,
+        validate_assignment=True,
+        # `json_encoders` must be set on the outermost model for pydantic to
+        # apply it while serializing nested fields (e.g. PerformanceMetric.value
+        # holding a numpy array) via `.model_dump_json()`.
+        json_encoders={np.ndarray: lambda v: v.tolist()},
+    )
 
     overview: Optional[Overview] = Field(
         None,
@@ -80,7 +86,7 @@ def get_section(self, section_name: str) -> BaseModelCardSection:
             If the given `section_name` is not a subclass of `BaseModel`.
 
         """
-        sections = self.__fields__
+        sections = type(self).model_fields
         if section_name not in sections:
             raise ValueError(
                 f"Section `{section_name}` not found in model card. "
@@ -89,7 +95,7 @@ def get_section(self, section_name: str) -> BaseModelCardSection:
 
         section: Optional[BaseModelCardSection] = getattr(self, section_name)
         if section is None:
-            section = sections[section_name].type_()
+            section = unwrap_optional_type(sections[section_name])()
             setattr(self, section_name, section)
 
         if not issubclass(section.__class__, BaseModel):
diff --git a/cyclops/report/model_card/sections.py b/cyclops/report/model_card/sections.py
index f6dca06ed..d2d4aa674 100644
--- a/cyclops/report/model_card/sections.py
+++ b/cyclops/report/model_card/sections.py
@@ -60,22 +60,18 @@ class ModelDetails(BaseModelCardSection):
     owners: Optional[List[Owner]] = Field(
         description="The individuals or teams who own the model.",
         default_factory=list,
-        unique_items=True,
     )
     licenses: Optional[List[License]] = Field(
         description="The license information for the model.",
         default_factory=list,
-        unique_items=True,
     )
     citations: Optional[List[Citation]] = Field(
         description="How should the model be cited?",
         default_factory=list,
-        unique_items=True,
     )
     references: Optional[List[Reference]] = Field(
         description="Provide any additional references the reader may need.",
         default_factory=list,
-        unique_items=True,
     )
     path: Optional[StrictStr] = Field(None, description="Where is this model stored?")
     regulatory_requirements: Optional[List[RegulatoryRequirement]] = Field(
@@ -83,7 +79,6 @@ class ModelDetails(BaseModelCardSection):
             "Provide any regulatory requirements that the model should comply to."
         ),
         default_factory=list,
-        unique_items=True,
     )
 
 
@@ -140,12 +135,10 @@ class Considerations(BaseModelCardSection):
     users: Optional[List[User]] = Field(
         description="Who are the primary intended users of the model?",
         default_factory=list,
-        unique_items=True,
     )
     use_cases: Optional[List[UseCase]] = Field(
         description="What are the intended use cases of the model?",
         default_factory=list,
-        unique_items=True,
     )
     fairness_assessment: Optional[List[FairnessAssessment]] = Field(
         description="""
@@ -157,7 +150,6 @@ class Considerations(BaseModelCardSection):
     ethical_considerations: Optional[List[Risk]] = Field(
         description="What are the ethical risks involved in application of this model?",
         default_factory=list,
-        unique_items=True,
     )
 
 
diff --git a/cyclops/report/report.py b/cyclops/report/report.py
index 19f916581..df5f9e6cc 100644
--- a/cyclops/report/report.py
+++ b/cyclops/report/report.py
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 from scour import scour
 
 from cyclops.report.model_card import ModelCard  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
-from cyclops.report.model_card.base import BaseModelCardField
+from cyclops.report.model_card.base import BaseModelCardField, unwrap_optional_type
 from cyclops.report.model_card.fields import (
     Citation,
     Dataset,
@@ -107,7 +107,8 @@ def from_json_file(
             The model card report.
 
         """
-        model_card = ModelCard.parse_file(path)
+        with open(path, encoding="utf-8") as f_handle:
+            model_card = ModelCard.model_validate_json(f_handle.read())
         report = ModelCardReport(output_dir=output_dir)
         report._model_card = model_card
         return report
@@ -136,9 +137,9 @@ def _log_field(
         """
         section_name = str_to_snake_case(section_name)
         section = self._model_card.get_section(section_name)
-        field_value = field_type.parse_obj(data)
+        field_value = field_type.model_validate(data)
 
-        if field_name in section.__fields__:
+        if field_name in type(section).model_fields:
             section.update_field(field_name, field_value)
         else:
             field_name = str_to_snake_case(field_name)
@@ -162,10 +163,10 @@ def log_from_dict(self, data: Dict[str, Any], section_name: str) -> None:
         section = self._model_card.get_section(section_name)
 
         # get data already in section and update with new data
-        section_data = section.dict()
+        section_data = section.model_dump()
         section_data.update(data)
 
-        populated_section = section.__class__.parse_obj(section_data)
+        populated_section = section.__class__.model_validate(section_data)
         setattr(self._model_card, section_name, populated_section)
 
     def log_descriptor(
@@ -247,9 +248,10 @@ def _log_graphic_collection(
         section = self._model_card.get_section(section_name)
 
         # append graphic to existing GraphicsCollection or create new one
+        section_fields = type(section).model_fields
         if (
-            "graphics" in section.__fields__
-            and section.__fields__["graphics"].type_ is GraphicsCollection
+            "graphics" in section_fields
+            and unwrap_optional_type(section_fields["graphics"]) is GraphicsCollection
             and section.graphics is not None  # type: ignore
         ):
             section.graphics.collection.append(graphic)  # type: ignore
@@ -275,9 +277,11 @@ def _log_metric_card_collection(
         section = self._model_card.get_section(section_name)
 
         # append graphic to existing GraphicsCollection or create new one
+        section_fields = type(section).model_fields
         if (
-            "metric_cards" in section.__fields__
-            and section.__fields__["metric_cards"].type_ is MetricCardCollection
+            "metric_cards" in section_fields
+            and unwrap_optional_type(section_fields["metric_cards"])
+            is MetricCardCollection
             and section.metric_cards is not None  # type: ignore
         ):
             section.metric_cards.collection.append(metric_cards)  # type: ignore
@@ -323,7 +327,7 @@ def log_image(self, img_path: str, caption: str, section_name: str) -> None:
             img.save(buffered, format=img.format)
             img_base64 = base64.b64encode(buffered.getvalue()).decode()
 
-        graphic = Graphic.parse_obj(
+        graphic = Graphic.model_validate(
             {"name": caption, "image": f"data:image/{img.format};base64,{img_base64}"},
         )
 
@@ -373,7 +377,7 @@ def log_plotly_figure(
 
             data = {"name": caption, "image": f"data:image/svg+xml;base64,{svg}"}
 
-        graphic = Graphic.parse_obj(data)  # create Graphic object from data
+        graphic = Graphic.model_validate(data)  # create Graphic object from data
 
         self._log_graphic_collection(graphic, "Plots", section_name)
 
@@ -1030,7 +1034,7 @@ def log_performance_metrics(
 
     def _validate(self) -> None:
         """Validate the model card."""
-        ModelCard.validate(self._model_card.dict())
+        ModelCard.model_validate(self._model_card.model_dump())
 
     def _write_file(self, path: str, content: str) -> None:
         """Write a file to the given path.
@@ -1152,9 +1156,8 @@ def export(
 
         if len(report_paths) != 0:
             latest_report_path = sorted(report_paths)[-1]
-            latest_report = ModelCard.parse_file(
-                latest_report_path,
-            )
+            with open(latest_report_path, encoding="utf-8") as f_handle:
+                latest_report = ModelCard.model_validate_json(f_handle.read())
             latest_report_metric_cards: List[List[MetricCard]] = []
             sweep_metric_cards(latest_report, latest_report_metric_cards)
             latest_report_metric_cards_set = latest_report_metric_cards[0]
@@ -1210,7 +1213,7 @@ def export(
             json_path = report_path.replace(".html", ".json")
             self._write_file(
                 json_path,
-                self._model_card.json(indent=2, exclude_unset=True),
+                self._model_card.model_dump_json(indent=2, exclude_unset=True),
             )
 
         return report_path
diff --git a/cyclops/report/utils.py b/cyclops/report/utils.py
index a4f9a3a04..7f20e82d9 100644
--- a/cyclops/report/utils.py
+++ b/cyclops/report/utils.py
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 import plotly.graph_objects as go
+from pydantic import BaseModel
 
 from cyclops.report.model_card import ModelCard  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
 from cyclops.report.model_card.fields import (
@@ -350,7 +351,7 @@ def sweep_tests(model_card: Any, tests: List[Any]) -> None:
             field = field[1]  # noqa: PLW2901
         if isinstance(field, Test):
             tests.append(field)
-        if hasattr(field, "__fields__"):
+        if isinstance(field, BaseModel):
             sweep_tests(field, tests)
         if (
             isinstance(field, list)
@@ -384,7 +385,7 @@ def sweep_metrics(model_card: Any, metrics: List[Any]) -> None:
             field = field[1]  # noqa: PLW2901
         if isinstance(field, PerformanceMetric):
             metrics.append(field)
-        if hasattr(field, "__fields__"):
+        if isinstance(field, BaseModel):
             sweep_metrics(field, metrics)
         if (
             isinstance(field, list)
@@ -418,7 +419,7 @@ def sweep_metric_cards(model_card: Any, metric_cards: List[Any]) -> None:
             field = field[1]  # noqa: PLW2901
         if isinstance(field, MetricCard):
             metric_cards.append(field)
-        if hasattr(field, "__fields__"):
+        if isinstance(field, BaseModel):
             sweep_metric_cards(field, metric_cards)
         if (
             isinstance(field, list)
@@ -454,7 +455,7 @@ def sweep_graphics(model_card: Any, graphics: list[Any], caption: str) -> None:
             field = field[1]  # noqa: PLW2901
         if isinstance(field, Graphic) and field.name == caption:
             graphics.append(field)
-        if hasattr(field, "__fields__"):
+        if isinstance(field, BaseModel):
             sweep_graphics(field, graphics, caption)
         if (
             isinstance(field, list)
@@ -1044,7 +1045,7 @@ def create_metric_card_plot(
             config={"displayModeBar": False},
         ),
     }
-    graphic = Graphic.parse_obj(data)
+    graphic = Graphic.model_validate(data)
     return GraphicsCollection(description="plot", collection=[graphic])
 
 
diff --git a/deploy/report/api/main.py b/deploy/report/api/main.py
index 1426e510b..457a87d7d 100644
--- a/deploy/report/api/main.py
+++ b/deploy/report/api/main.py
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 from fastapi import FastAPI, HTTPException, Request
 from fastapi.responses import HTMLResponse
 from fastapi.templating import Jinja2Templates
-from pydantic import BaseModel, Field, validator
+from pydantic import BaseModel, Field, ValidationInfo, field_validator
 
 from cyclops.data.slicer import SliceSpec
 from cyclops.evaluate import evaluator
@@ -34,23 +34,21 @@
 class EvaluationInput(BaseModel):
     """Input data for evaluation."""
 
-    preds_prob: List[float] = Field(..., min_items=1)
-    target: List[float] = Field(..., min_items=1)
+    preds_prob: List[float] = Field(..., min_length=1)
+    target: List[float] = Field(..., min_length=1)
     metadata: Dict[str, List[Any]] = Field(default_factory=dict)
 
+    @field_validator("preds_prob", "target")
     @classmethod
-    @validator("preds_prob", "target")
-    def check_list_length(
-        cls, v: List[float], values: Dict[str, List[Any]], **kwargs: Any
-    ) -> List[float]:
+    def check_list_length(cls, v: List[float], info: ValidationInfo) -> List[float]:
         """Check if preds_prob and target have the same length.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         v : List[float]
             List of values.
-        values : Dict[str, List[Any]]
-            Dictionary of values.
+        info : ValidationInfo
+            Validation info, including previously-validated field values.
 
         Returns
         -------
@@ -63,14 +61,15 @@ def check_list_length(
             If preds_prob and target have different lengths.
 
         """
-        if "preds_prob" in values and len(v) != len(values["preds_prob"]):
+        preds_prob = info.data.get("preds_prob")
+        if preds_prob is not None and len(v) != len(preds_prob):
             raise ValueError("preds_prob and target must have the same length")
         return v
 
+    @field_validator("metadata")
     @classmethod
-    @validator("metadata")
     def check_metadata_length(
-        cls, v: Dict[str, List[Any]], values: Dict[str, List[Any]], **kwargs: Any
+        cls, v: Dict[str, List[Any]], info: ValidationInfo
     ) -> Dict[str, List[Any]]:
         """Check if metadata columns have the same length as preds_prob and target.
 
@@ -78,8 +77,8 @@ def check_metadata_length(
         ----------
         v : Dict[str, List[Any]]
             Dictionary of values.
-        values : Dict[str, List[Any]]
-            Dictionary of values.
+        info : ValidationInfo
+            Validation info, including previously-validated field values.
 
         Returns
         -------
@@ -92,9 +91,10 @@ def check_metadata_length(
             If metadata columns have different lengths than preds_prob and target.
 
         """
-        if "preds_prob" in values:
+        preds_prob = info.data.get("preds_prob")
+        if preds_prob is not None:
             for column in v.values():
-                if len(column) != len(values["preds_prob"]):
+                if len(column) != len(preds_prob):
                     raise ValueError(
                         "All metadata columns must have the same length as preds_prob and target"
                     )
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index 916ed4b29..a4ec9e067 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ dependencies = [
     "datasets>=2.15,<3",
     "psutil>=5.9.4,<6",
     "pyarrow>=17.0.0,<24",
-    "pydantic>=1.10.11,<2",
+    "pydantic>=2.7.0,<3",
     "Jinja2>=3.1.3,<4",
     "spdx-tools>=0.8.1,<0.9",
     "pybtex>=0.24.0,<0.25",
diff --git a/tests/cyclops/report/test_report.py b/tests/cyclops/report/test_report.py
index 2c5e72965..7ffc85783 100644
--- a/tests/cyclops/report/test_report.py
+++ b/tests/cyclops/report/test_report.py
@@ -227,7 +227,8 @@ def test_log_reference(self):
         )
         self.model_card_report.log_reference(ref)
         assert (
-            self.model_card_report._model_card.model_details.references[0].link == ref
+            str(self.model_card_report._model_card.model_details.references[0].link)
+            == ref
         )
 
     def test_log_regulation(self):
diff --git a/uv.lock b/uv.lock
index 5388b9431..77c114d41 100644
--- a/uv.lock
+++ b/uv.lock
@@ -177,6 +177,15 @@ wheels = [
     { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/3e/30/e900b21425a860e195f32e37657aa1f7c7f2b1bfb26f03ca209b90933c06/annotated_doc-0.0.5-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:117bac03a25ede5df5440e855b32d556049ca169ead221505badf432fed4b101", size = 5302 },
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "annotated-types"
+version = "0.8.0"
+source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
+sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/5f/56/a8120250d128bed162cd73c76d45f6ef9991f3e068f62a8ee060afa3104a/annotated_types-0.8.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:13b2beaad985e05e2d6407ee4c4f35590b11f8d693a258a561055cac8f64cab7", size = 15893 }
+wheels = [
+    { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/99/91/8acff4f5e50511b911bbccb72b8628a49c68ce14148cd9f6431094859a90/annotated_types-0.8.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:f072f4d804ea359e4eaf198b1af7a8b0943881a87f31bb764f8bf219bb9419e0", size = 13427 },
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "antlr4-python3-runtime"
 version = "4.9.3"
@@ -3595,7 +3604,7 @@ requires-dist = [
     { name = "psutil", specifier = ">=5.9.4,<6" },
     { name = "pyarrow", specifier = ">=17.0.0,<24" },
     { name = "pybtex", specifier = ">=0.24.0,<0.25" },
-    { name = "pydantic", specifier = ">=1.10.11,<2" },
+    { name = "pydantic", specifier = ">=2.7.0,<3" },
     { name = "scikit-learn", specifier = ">=1.3,<1.8" },
     { name = "scipy", specifier = ">=1.11,<2" },
     { name = "scour", specifier = ">=0.38.2,<0.39" },
@@ -3674,19 +3683,51 @@ test = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pydantic"
-version = "1.10.26"
+version = "2.13.4"
 source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
 dependencies = [
+    { name = "annotated-types" },
+    { name = "pydantic-core" },
     { name = "typing-extensions" },
+    { name = "typing-inspection" },
 ]
-sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/7b/da/fd89f987a376c807cd81ea0eff4589aade783bbb702637b4734ef2c743a2/pydantic-1.10.26.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:8c6aa39b494c5af092e690127c283d84f363ac36017106a9e66cb33a22ac412e", size = 357906 }
+sdist = { url = "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/18/a5/b60d21ac674192f8ab0ba4e9fd860690f9b4a6e51ca5df118733b487d8d6/pydantic-2.13.4.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:c40756b57adaa8b1efeeced5c196f3f3b7c435f90e84ea7f443901bec8099ef6", size = 844775 }
 wheels = [
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+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "pydantic-core"
+version = "2.46.4"
+source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
+dependencies = [
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 [[package]]
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+version = "0.4.2"
+source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
+dependencies = [
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