diff --git a/e2e/navigation-performance.spec.ts b/e2e/navigation-performance.spec.ts
index 74aa3e07a..b3fb103e0 100644
--- a/e2e/navigation-performance.spec.ts
+++ b/e2e/navigation-performance.spec.ts
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ const privateRoutes = [
   ['/app/attack', { selector: 'main h1', text: 'Attack' }],
   ['/app/flowchart', { selector: 'main h1', text: 'Argument Flowchart' }],
   ['/app/history', { selector: 'main h1', text: 'History' }],
-  ['/app/admin', { selector: 'main h3', text: 'Access Denied' }],
+  ['/app/admin', { selector: 'main h1', text: 'Access Denied' }],
 ] as const;
 
 const attackContent: ContentMarker = { selector: 'main h1', text: 'Attack' };
diff --git a/src/components/LanguageSwitcher.tsx b/src/components/LanguageSwitcher.tsx
index d6e4e68c7..1b5e4aade 100644
--- a/src/components/LanguageSwitcher.tsx
+++ b/src/components/LanguageSwitcher.tsx
@@ -47,8 +47,8 @@ export function LanguageSwitcher() {
     <Popover>
       <HeaderTooltip label={t('langSwitcher.title', 'Language')}>
         <PopoverTrigger asChild>
-          <Button variant="ghost" size="icon" className="text-muted-foreground hover:text-foreground" aria-label={t('langSwitcher.label', 'Language settings')}>
-            <Globe className="h-5 w-5" />
+          <Button variant="ghost" size="icon" className="text-muted-foreground hover:text-foreground" aria-label={t('langSwitcher.label', 'Language')}>
+            <Globe className="h-5 w-5" aria-hidden="true" />
           </Button>
         </PopoverTrigger>
       </HeaderTooltip>
diff --git a/src/components/features/attack/AttackForm.tsx b/src/components/features/attack/AttackForm.tsx
index ad0a8f6bd..1992a76a5 100644
--- a/src/components/features/attack/AttackForm.tsx
+++ b/src/components/features/attack/AttackForm.tsx
@@ -94,17 +94,19 @@ export function AttackForm({ onSubmit, isLoading, importedCase, debateContext =
           <ModelSelector feature="attack" showLabel />
 
           <div className="space-y-2">
-            <Label className="text-sm font-medium">{t('attackForm.options')}</Label>
+            <Label id="attack-options-label" htmlFor="attack-options-toggle" className="text-sm font-medium">{t('attackForm.options')}</Label>
             <Button
+              id="attack-options-toggle"
               type="button"
               variant="outline"
               className="h-10 w-full justify-between"
+              aria-labelledby="attack-options-label attack-options-toggle-text"
               aria-expanded={optionsOpen}
               aria-controls="attack-options"
               onClick={() => setOptionsOpen((open) => !open)}
             >
-              <span className="flex items-center gap-2">
-                <SlidersHorizontal className="h-4 w-4" />
+              <span id="attack-options-toggle-text" className="flex items-center gap-2">
+                <SlidersHorizontal className="h-4 w-4" aria-hidden="true" />
                 {t('attackForm.moreOptions')}
               </span>
               <ChevronDown className={`h-4 w-4 transition-transform duration-150 ease-out-strong ${optionsOpen ? 'rotate-180' : ''}`} />
@@ -123,12 +125,12 @@ export function AttackForm({ onSubmit, isLoading, importedCase, debateContext =
               <div className="grid gap-4 sm:grid-cols-2">
                 {/* Aggressiveness */}
                 <div className="space-y-2">
-                  <Label className="text-sm font-medium">{t('attackForm.intensity')}</Label>
+                  <Label id="attack-intensity-label" htmlFor="attack-intensity" className="text-sm font-medium">{t('attackForm.intensity')}</Label>
                   <Select
                     value={currentValues.aggressiveness}
                     onValueChange={(value) => setValue('aggressiveness', value as AttackInput['aggressiveness'])}
                   >
-                    <SelectTrigger>
+                    <SelectTrigger id="attack-intensity" aria-labelledby="attack-intensity-label">
                       <SelectValue />
                     </SelectTrigger>
                     <SelectContent>
@@ -141,12 +143,12 @@ export function AttackForm({ onSubmit, isLoading, importedCase, debateContext =
 
                 {/* Judge Paradigm */}
                 <div className="space-y-2">
-                  <Label className="text-sm font-medium">{t('attackForm.paradigm')}</Label>
+                  <Label id="attack-paradigm-label" htmlFor="attack-paradigm" className="text-sm font-medium">{t('attackForm.paradigm')}</Label>
                   <Select
                     value={currentValues.judgeParadigm}
                     onValueChange={(value) => setValue('judgeParadigm', value as AttackInput['judgeParadigm'])}
                   >
-                    <SelectTrigger>
+                    <SelectTrigger id="attack-paradigm" aria-labelledby="attack-paradigm-label">
                       <SelectValue />
                     </SelectTrigger>
                     <SelectContent>
diff --git a/src/components/features/attack/AttackResults.tsx b/src/components/features/attack/AttackResults.tsx
index 9607fa657..884e48ee2 100644
--- a/src/components/features/attack/AttackResults.tsx
+++ b/src/components/features/attack/AttackResults.tsx
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ function WeaknessCard({ weakness }: { weakness: Weakness }) {
                 {t(`attackResults.types.${weakness.type}`, weakness.type)}
               </Badge>
             </div>
-            <h4 className="mt-1 font-medium text-foreground">{weakness.description}</h4>
+            <h3 className="mt-1 font-medium text-foreground">{weakness.description}</h3>
           </div>
         </div>
       </div>
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ export function AttackResults({ result, discoveredSources, onDiscuss, onPractice
           </div>
 
           <div>
-            <h4 className="text-sm font-medium text-muted-foreground mb-2">{t('attackResults.strengths')}</h4>
+            <h3 className="text-sm font-medium text-muted-foreground mb-2">{t('attackResults.strengths')}</h3>
             <ul className="space-y-1">
               {strengthAreas.map((strength, i) => (
                 <li key={i} className="flex items-baseline gap-2 text-sm">
@@ -303,12 +303,12 @@ export function AttackResults({ result, discoveredSources, onDiscuss, onPractice
         >
           <div className="space-y-4">
             <div>
-              <h4 className="text-sm font-medium text-muted-foreground mb-1">{t('attackResults.currentWeighing')}</h4>
+              <h3 className="text-sm font-medium text-muted-foreground mb-1">{t('attackResults.currentWeighing')}</h3>
               <p className="text-foreground">{weighingAnalysis.currentWeighing}</p>
             </div>
             <Separator />
             <div>
-              <h4 className="text-sm font-medium text-muted-foreground mb-2">{t('attackResults.missingComparisons')}</h4>
+              <h3 className="text-sm font-medium text-muted-foreground mb-2">{t('attackResults.missingComparisons')}</h3>
               <ul className="space-y-1">
                 {(weighingAnalysis.missingComparisons ?? []).map((comparison, i) => (
                   <li key={i} className="flex items-start gap-2 text-sm">
@@ -320,7 +320,7 @@ export function AttackResults({ result, discoveredSources, onDiscuss, onPractice
             </div>
             <Separator />
             <div>
-              <h4 className="text-sm font-medium text-muted-foreground mb-2">{t('attackResults.improvements')}</h4>
+              <h3 className="text-sm font-medium text-muted-foreground mb-2">{t('attackResults.improvements')}</h3>
               <ul className="space-y-1">
                 {(weighingAnalysis.improvementSuggestions ?? []).map((suggestion, i) => (
                   <li key={i} className="flex items-start gap-2 text-sm">
diff --git a/src/components/features/brainstorm/BrainstormResults.tsx b/src/components/features/brainstorm/BrainstormResults.tsx
index 1a968aea9..3901e801c 100644
--- a/src/components/features/brainstorm/BrainstormResults.tsx
+++ b/src/components/features/brainstorm/BrainstormResults.tsx
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ function IdeaCard({ idea }: { idea: Idea }) {
   return (
     <div className={cn('rounded-lg border p-4 space-y-3 motion-list-item', strengthColors[strength] || strengthColors.moderate)}>
       <div className="flex items-start justify-between gap-2">
-        <h4 className="font-semibold text-foreground">{idea.title || t('brainstormResults.untitled')}</h4>
+        <h3 className="font-semibold text-foreground">{idea.title || t('brainstormResults.untitled')}</h3>
         <div className="flex gap-1 shrink-0">
           <Badge className={cn('text-xs', sideColors[side] || sideColors.neutral)}>
             {side === 'pro' ? t('brainstormResults.pro') : side === 'con' ? t('brainstormResults.con') : t('brainstormResults.neutral')}
@@ -203,10 +203,10 @@ export function BrainstormResults({ result, discoveredSources, onDiscuss }: Brai
           <div className="space-y-6">
             {result.mindmap.map((category, i) => (
               <div key={i}>
-                <h4 className="text-lg font-semibold text-foreground mb-3 flex items-center gap-2">
+                <h3 className="text-lg font-semibold text-foreground mb-3 flex items-center gap-2">
                   <div className="h-2 w-2 rounded-full bg-primary" />
                   {category.category}
-                </h4>
+                </h3>
                 <div className="grid gap-3 sm:grid-cols-2">
                   {category.items && Array.isArray(category.items) && category.items.map((idea) => (
                     <IdeaCard key={idea.id} idea={idea} />
diff --git a/src/components/features/factoids/FactoidsResults.tsx b/src/components/features/factoids/FactoidsResults.tsx
index 8ba14ec74..98e7138ac 100644
--- a/src/components/features/factoids/FactoidsResults.tsx
+++ b/src/components/features/factoids/FactoidsResults.tsx
@@ -54,13 +54,13 @@ function FactoidCard({ factoid, onSave }: { factoid: Factoid, onSave?: FactoidsR
               rel="noopener noreferrer"
               className="group flex items-center gap-2"
             >
-              <h4 className="font-semibold text-foreground group-hover:text-primary transition-colors underline-offset-4 group-hover:underline text-left">
+              <h3 className="font-semibold text-foreground group-hover:text-primary transition-colors underline-offset-4 group-hover:underline text-left">
                 {factoid.shortClaim}
-              </h4>
+              </h3>
               <ExternalLink className="h-3 w-3 shrink-0 opacity-60 transition-opacity group-hover:opacity-100 group-focus-visible:opacity-100" aria-hidden="true" />
             </a>
           ) : (
-            <h4 className="font-semibold text-foreground">{factoid.shortClaim}</h4>
+            <h3 className="font-semibold text-foreground">{factoid.shortClaim}</h3>
           )}
           <div className="flex items-center gap-2 mt-1">
             <Badge className={cn('text-xs', config.bg, config.color)}>
diff --git a/src/components/features/generate/GenerateForm.tsx b/src/components/features/generate/GenerateForm.tsx
index f9d65e64a..d3dfd761b 100644
--- a/src/components/features/generate/GenerateForm.tsx
+++ b/src/components/features/generate/GenerateForm.tsx
@@ -33,7 +33,9 @@ interface GenerateFormProps {
   debatePrefill?: boolean;
 }
 
-function OptionSelect<V extends string>({ value, onValueChange, options, triggerClassName }: {
+function OptionSelect<V extends string>({ id, labelId, value, onValueChange, options, triggerClassName }: {
+  id: string;
+  labelId: string;
   value: V;
   onValueChange: (value: V) => void;
   options: { value: V; label: string }[];
@@ -41,7 +43,7 @@ function OptionSelect<V extends string>({ value, onValueChange, options, trigger
 }) {
   return (
     <Select value={value} onValueChange={(next) => onValueChange(next as V)}>
-      <SelectTrigger className={triggerClassName}>
+      <SelectTrigger id={id} aria-labelledby={labelId} className={triggerClassName}>
         <SelectValue />
       </SelectTrigger>
       <SelectContent>
@@ -157,8 +159,10 @@ export function GenerateForm({ onSubmit, isLoading, debatePrefill = true }: Gene
           <div className="grid gap-4 sm:grid-cols-2">
             {/* Side */}
             <div className="space-y-2">
-              <Label className="text-sm font-medium">{t('generateForm.side')}</Label>
+              <Label id="generate-side-label" htmlFor="generate-side" className="text-sm font-medium">{t('generateForm.side')}</Label>
               <OptionSelect
+                id="generate-side"
+                labelId="generate-side-label"
                 value={currentValues.side}
                 onValueChange={(value) => setValue('side', value)}
                 options={[
@@ -170,8 +174,10 @@ export function GenerateForm({ onSubmit, isLoading, debatePrefill = true }: Gene
 
             {/* Role */}
             <div className="space-y-2">
-              <Label className="text-sm font-medium">{t('generateForm.role')}</Label>
+              <Label id="generate-role-label" htmlFor="generate-role" className="text-sm font-medium">{t('generateForm.role')}</Label>
               <OptionSelect
+                id="generate-role"
+                labelId="generate-role-label"
                 value={currentValues.role}
                 onValueChange={(value) => setValue('role', value)}
                 options={[
@@ -215,8 +221,10 @@ export function GenerateForm({ onSubmit, isLoading, debatePrefill = true }: Gene
             <div className="grid gap-4 pt-1 sm:grid-cols-3">
               {/* Length */}
               <div className="space-y-2 min-w-0">
-                <Label className="text-sm font-medium truncate block">{t('generateForm.length')}</Label>
+                <Label id="generate-length-label" htmlFor="generate-length" className="text-sm font-medium truncate block">{t('generateForm.length')}</Label>
                 <OptionSelect
+                  id="generate-length"
+                  labelId="generate-length-label"
                   value={currentValues.length}
                   onValueChange={(value) => setValue('length', value)}
                   triggerClassName="min-w-0"
@@ -230,8 +238,10 @@ export function GenerateForm({ onSubmit, isLoading, debatePrefill = true }: Gene
 
               {/* Audience */}
               <div className="space-y-2 min-w-0">
-                <Label className="text-sm font-medium truncate block">{t('generateForm.audience')}</Label>
+                <Label id="generate-audience-label" htmlFor="generate-audience" className="text-sm font-medium truncate block">{t('generateForm.audience')}</Label>
                 <OptionSelect
+                  id="generate-audience"
+                  labelId="generate-audience-label"
                   value={currentValues.audience}
                   onValueChange={(value) => setValue('audience', value)}
                   triggerClassName="min-w-0"
@@ -245,8 +255,10 @@ export function GenerateForm({ onSubmit, isLoading, debatePrefill = true }: Gene
 
               {/* Tone */}
               <div className="space-y-2 min-w-0">
-                <Label className="text-sm font-medium truncate block">{t('generateForm.tone')}</Label>
+                <Label id="generate-tone-label" htmlFor="generate-tone" className="text-sm font-medium truncate block">{t('generateForm.tone')}</Label>
                 <OptionSelect
+                  id="generate-tone"
+                  labelId="generate-tone-label"
                   value={currentValues.tone}
                   onValueChange={(value) => setValue('tone', value)}
                   triggerClassName="min-w-0"
diff --git a/src/components/features/generate/GenerateResults.tsx b/src/components/features/generate/GenerateResults.tsx
index 50a962168..2385128e8 100644
--- a/src/components/features/generate/GenerateResults.tsx
+++ b/src/components/features/generate/GenerateResults.tsx
@@ -35,10 +35,10 @@ function ArgumentCard({ contention, index, unverified }: { contention: Contentio
   return (
     <div className="rounded-lg border border-border bg-card p-4 space-y-3 motion-list-item">
       <div className="flex items-start justify-between gap-2">
-        <h4 className="font-semibold text-foreground">
+        <h3 className="font-semibold text-foreground">
           <span className="text-primary mr-2">#{index + 1}</span>
           {contention.claim}
-        </h4>
+        </h3>
         {contention.needsSource && (
           <Badge variant="outline" className="shrink-0 border-amber-500 text-amber-600">
             <AlertTriangle className="mr-1 h-3 w-3" />
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ export function GenerateResults({ result, discoveredSources, onRegenerateSection
   if (!result?.caseStructure || !result?.contentions || !result?.predictedOpponentCase || !result?.counters) {
     return (
       <div className="rounded-lg border border-destructive/50 bg-destructive/5 p-6 text-center">
-        <h3 className="text-lg font-semibold text-destructive mb-2">{t('generateResults.incomplete')}</h3>
+        <h2 className="text-lg font-semibold text-destructive mb-2">{t('generateResults.incomplete')}</h2>
         <p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">
           {t('generateResults.incompleteDesc')}
         </p>
@@ -265,12 +265,12 @@ export function GenerateResults({ result, discoveredSources, onRegenerateSection
         >
           <div className="space-y-4">
             <div>
-              <h4 className="text-sm font-medium text-muted-foreground mb-1">{t('generateResults.hook')}</h4>
+              <h3 className="text-sm font-medium text-muted-foreground mb-1">{t('generateResults.hook')}</h3>
               <p className="text-foreground italic">{result.exordio.hook}</p>
             </div>
             <Separator />
             <div>
-              <h4 className="text-sm font-medium text-muted-foreground mb-1">{t('generateResults.transition')}</h4>
+              <h3 className="text-sm font-medium text-muted-foreground mb-1">{t('generateResults.transition')}</h3>
               <p className="text-foreground">{result.exordio.transition}</p>
             </div>
           </div>
@@ -287,21 +287,21 @@ export function GenerateResults({ result, discoveredSources, onRegenerateSection
       >
         <div className="space-y-4">
           <div>
-            <h4 className="text-sm font-medium text-muted-foreground mb-1">{t('generateResults.thesis')}</h4>
+            <h3 className="text-sm font-medium text-muted-foreground mb-1">{t('generateResults.thesis')}</h3>
             <Markdown>{result.caseStructure.thesis}</Markdown>
           </div>
           <Separator />
           <div>
-            <h4 className="text-sm font-medium text-muted-foreground mb-1">{t('generateResults.framework')}</h4>
+            <h3 className="text-sm font-medium text-muted-foreground mb-1">{t('generateResults.framework')}</h3>
             <Markdown>{result.caseStructure.framework}</Markdown>
           </div>
           <Separator />
           <div>
-            <h4 className="text-sm font-medium text-muted-foreground mb-1">{t('generateResults.burdenOfProof')}</h4>
+            <h3 className="text-sm font-medium text-muted-foreground mb-1">{t('generateResults.burdenOfProof')}</h3>
             <Markdown>{result.caseStructure.burdenOfProof}</Markdown>
           </div>
           <div>
-            <h4 className="text-sm font-medium text-muted-foreground mb-2">{t('generateResults.keyDefinitions')}</h4>
+            <h3 className="text-sm font-medium text-muted-foreground mb-2">{t('generateResults.keyDefinitions')}</h3>
             <ul className="list-disc list-inside space-y-1 text-sm text-foreground">
               {result.caseStructure.keyDefinitions?.map((def, i) => (
                 <li key={i}>{def}</li>
@@ -336,7 +336,7 @@ export function GenerateResults({ result, discoveredSources, onRegenerateSection
       >
         <div className="space-y-4">
           <div>
-            <h4 className="text-sm font-medium text-muted-foreground mb-2">{t('generateResults.likelyArguments')}</h4>
+            <h3 className="text-sm font-medium text-muted-foreground mb-2">{t('generateResults.likelyArguments')}</h3>
             <ul className="space-y-2">
               {result.predictedOpponentCase?.likelyArguments?.map((arg, i) => (
                 <li key={i} className="flex items-start gap-2 text-sm">
@@ -348,7 +348,7 @@ export function GenerateResults({ result, discoveredSources, onRegenerateSection
           </div>
           <Separator />
           <div>
-            <h4 className="text-sm font-medium text-muted-foreground mb-2">{t('generateResults.strategicWeaknesses')}</h4>
+            <h3 className="text-sm font-medium text-muted-foreground mb-2">{t('generateResults.strategicWeaknesses')}</h3>
             <ul className="space-y-2">
               {result.predictedOpponentCase?.strategicWeaknesses?.map((weakness, i) => (
                 <li key={i} className="flex items-start gap-2 text-sm">
@@ -360,7 +360,7 @@ export function GenerateResults({ result, discoveredSources, onRegenerateSection
           </div>
           <Separator />
           <div>
-            <h4 className="text-sm font-medium text-muted-foreground mb-2">{t('generateResults.keyClashes')}</h4>
+            <h3 className="text-sm font-medium text-muted-foreground mb-2">{t('generateResults.keyClashes')}</h3>
             <div className="flex flex-wrap gap-2">
               {result.predictedOpponentCase?.keyClashes?.map((clash, i) => (
                 <Badge key={i} variant="outline">{clash}</Badge>
diff --git a/src/components/landing/Hero.tsx b/src/components/landing/Hero.tsx
index 0e59e00e4..449c8673a 100644
--- a/src/components/landing/Hero.tsx
+++ b/src/components/landing/Hero.tsx
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ const HeroPreview = () => {
                             </div>
                         </div>
 
-                        <div className="space-y-3">
+                        <div className="space-y-3" aria-hidden="true" {...{ inert: '' }}>
                             <div className="space-y-1.5">
                                 <label htmlFor="hero-motion" className="text-xs font-medium uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground">
                                     {t('hero.preview.topicLabel')}
@@ -173,6 +173,7 @@ const HeroPreview = () => {
                                     type="text"
                                     value={motionText}
                                     readOnly
+                                    tabIndex={-1}
                                     className="w-full rounded-md border border-border/70 bg-background px-3 py-2 text-sm text-foreground outline-none transition-colors placeholder:text-muted-foreground focus:border-primary focus:ring-2 focus:ring-primary/20"
                                 />
                             </div>
@@ -191,7 +192,7 @@ const HeroPreview = () => {
                         </div>
                     </div>
 
-                    <div className="space-y-3 rounded-xl border border-border/70 bg-card p-4">
+                    <div className="space-y-3 rounded-xl border border-border/70 bg-card p-4" aria-hidden="true">
                         <div>
                             <p className="text-xs font-semibold uppercase tracking-wide text-muted-foreground">{sample.title}</p>
                         </div>
diff --git a/src/components/ui/card.tsx b/src/components/ui/card.tsx
index ee1622766..192afafee 100644
--- a/src/components/ui/card.tsx
+++ b/src/components/ui/card.tsx
@@ -14,9 +14,16 @@ const CardHeader = React.forwardRef<HTMLDivElement, React.HTMLAttributes<HTMLDiv
 );
 CardHeader.displayName = "CardHeader";
 
-const CardTitle = React.forwardRef<HTMLParagraphElement, React.HTMLAttributes<HTMLHeadingElement>>(
-  ({ className, ...props }, ref) => (
-    <h3 ref={ref} className={cn("text-lg font-semibold leading-tight tracking-[-0.014em]", className)} {...props} />
+type HeadingLevel = "h1" | "h2" | "h3" | "h4" | "h5" | "h6";
+
+type CardTitleProps = React.HTMLAttributes<HTMLHeadingElement> & {
+  /** Heading level. h2 sits directly under a page h1 without skipping a level. */
+  as?: HeadingLevel;
+};
+
+const CardTitle = React.forwardRef<HTMLHeadingElement, CardTitleProps>(
+  ({ className, as: Heading = "h2", ...props }, ref) => (
+    <Heading ref={ref} className={cn("text-lg font-semibold leading-tight tracking-[-0.014em]", className)} {...props} />
   ),
 );
 CardTitle.displayName = "CardTitle";
diff --git a/src/components/ui/empty-state.tsx b/src/components/ui/empty-state.tsx
index 228edc272..dcb29739b 100644
--- a/src/components/ui/empty-state.tsx
+++ b/src/components/ui/empty-state.tsx
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ export function EmptyState({ icon: Icon, title, description, actionLabel, onActi
   return (
     <div className="flex flex-col items-center justify-center rounded-lg border-2 border-dashed border-border bg-card/50 px-6 py-12 text-center">
       <Icon className="mb-4 h-10 w-10 text-muted-foreground/40" />
-      <h3 className="text-base font-semibold text-foreground">{title}</h3>
+      <h2 className="text-base font-semibold text-foreground">{title}</h2>
       {description && <p className="mt-1 max-w-sm text-sm text-muted-foreground">{description}</p>}
       {actionLabel && onAction && (
         <Button className="mt-4" variant="outline" onClick={onAction}>
diff --git a/src/components/ui/progress.tsx b/src/components/ui/progress.tsx
index 9bb1339cb..e95dd5782 100644
--- a/src/components/ui/progress.tsx
+++ b/src/components/ui/progress.tsx
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ const Progress = React.forwardRef<
   <ProgressPrimitive.Root
     ref={ref}
     className={cn("relative h-4 w-full overflow-hidden rounded-full bg-secondary", className)}
+    value={value}
     {...props}
   >
     <ProgressPrimitive.Indicator
diff --git a/src/components/ui/sonner.tsx b/src/components/ui/sonner.tsx
index bf352ad6a..cfeffede9 100644
--- a/src/components/ui/sonner.tsx
+++ b/src/components/ui/sonner.tsx
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ const Toaster = ({ ...props }: ToasterProps) => {
         },
       }}
       {...props}
+      containerAriaLabel={t("common.notifications")}
     />
   );
 };
diff --git a/src/locales/en.json b/src/locales/en.json
index cb82baf3b..9ca1b560e 100644
--- a/src/locales/en.json
+++ b/src/locales/en.json
@@ -231,6 +231,7 @@
     "openingPage": "Opening {{page}}",
     "page": "Page",
     "close": "Close",
+    "notifications": "Notifications",
     "loading": "Loading",
     "error": "Error",
     "logoAlt": "DebateLab logo",
@@ -1429,6 +1430,7 @@
   "timer": {
     "title": "Debate Timer",
     "displayLabel": "Timer display",
+    "speechProgress": "{{speech}} progress",
     "selectFormat": "Select Format",
     "formatStandard": "Standard (4-6-6-3)",
     "formatLD": "Lincoln-Douglas",
@@ -1548,6 +1550,7 @@
     "autoLayout": "Auto layout",
     "edgeAttack": "Attack",
     "edgeRebuttal": "Rebuttal",
+    "edgeTypeLabel": "Link type",
     "edgeSupport": "Support",
     "exportFailedToast": "Could not export flowchart.",
     "selectedNode": "Selected",
diff --git a/src/locales/es.json b/src/locales/es.json
index 4218a6b2f..dca0c6b4b 100644
--- a/src/locales/es.json
+++ b/src/locales/es.json
@@ -231,6 +231,7 @@
     "openingPage": "Abriendo {{page}}",
     "page": "Página",
     "close": "Cerrar",
+    "notifications": "Notificaciones",
     "loading": "Cargando",
     "error": "Error",
     "logoAlt": "Logotipo de DebateLab",
@@ -1429,6 +1430,7 @@
   "timer": {
     "title": "Temporizador de debate",
     "displayLabel": "Pantalla del temporizador",
+    "speechProgress": "Progreso de {{speech}}",
     "selectFormat": "Seleccionar formato",
     "formatStandard": "Estándar (4-6-6-3)",
     "formatLD": "Lincoln-Douglas",
@@ -1548,6 +1550,7 @@
     "autoLayout": "Organizar automáticamente",
     "edgeAttack": "Ataque",
     "edgeRebuttal": "Refutación",
+    "edgeTypeLabel": "Tipo de enlace",
     "edgeSupport": "Apoyo",
     "exportFailedToast": "No se pudo exportar el diagrama.",
     "selectedNode": "Seleccionado",
diff --git a/src/locales/hu.json b/src/locales/hu.json
index 3f4dd2bf7..ccf46a2df 100644
--- a/src/locales/hu.json
+++ b/src/locales/hu.json
@@ -231,6 +231,7 @@
     "openingPage": "{{page}} megnyitása",
     "page": "Oldal",
     "close": "Bezárás",
+    "notifications": "Értesítések",
     "loading": "Betöltés",
     "error": "Hiba",
     "logoAlt": "DebateLab logó",
@@ -1429,6 +1430,7 @@
   "timer": {
     "title": "Vita időmérő",
     "displayLabel": "Időmérő kijelző",
+    "speechProgress": "{{speech}} előrehaladása",
     "selectFormat": "Formátum választása",
     "formatStandard": "Standard (4-6-6-3)",
     "formatLD": "Lincoln-Douglas",
@@ -1548,6 +1550,7 @@
     "autoLayout": "Automatikus elrendezés",
     "edgeAttack": "Támadás",
     "edgeRebuttal": "Cáfolat",
+    "edgeTypeLabel": "Kapcsolat típusa",
     "edgeSupport": "Alátámasztás",
     "exportFailedToast": "Nem sikerült exportálni a folyamatábrát.",
     "selectedNode": "Kiválasztva",
diff --git a/src/pages/AdminPage.tsx b/src/pages/AdminPage.tsx
index 4056b8069..98cb06a05 100644
--- a/src/pages/AdminPage.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/AdminPage.tsx
@@ -731,8 +731,8 @@ export default function AdminPage() {
             <div className="container py-8 px-4">
                 <Card className="max-w-md mx-auto">
                     <CardHeader>
-                        <CardTitle className="flex items-center gap-2">
-                            <Shield className="h-5 w-5 text-destructive" />
+                        <CardTitle as="h1" className="flex items-center gap-2">
+                            <Shield className="h-5 w-5 text-destructive" aria-hidden="true" />
                             {t('admin.dashboard.accessDenied')}
                         </CardTitle>
                         <CardDescription>
diff --git a/src/pages/FlowchartPage.tsx b/src/pages/FlowchartPage.tsx
index d33da9586..73197a5cd 100644
--- a/src/pages/FlowchartPage.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/FlowchartPage.tsx
@@ -634,8 +634,9 @@ export default function FlowchartPage() {
                                     </DialogHeader>
                                     <div className="space-y-4 py-4">
                                         <div className="space-y-2">
-                                            <Label>{t('flowchart.titleField')}</Label>
+                                            <Label htmlFor="flowchart-save-title">{t('flowchart.titleField')}</Label>
                                             <Input
+                                                id="flowchart-save-title"
                                                 placeholder={t('flowchart.titlePlaceholder')}
                                                 value={saveTitle}
                                                 onChange={(e) => setSaveTitle(e.target.value)}
@@ -664,25 +665,27 @@ export default function FlowchartPage() {
                                     </DialogHeader>
                                     <div className="space-y-4 py-4">
                                         <div className="space-y-2">
-                                            <Label>{t('flowchart.labelField')}</Label>
+                                            <Label htmlFor="flowchart-node-label">{t('flowchart.labelField')}</Label>
                                             <Input
+                                                id="flowchart-node-label"
                                                 placeholder={t('flowchart.labelPlaceholder')}
                                                 value={newNodeLabel}
                                                 onChange={(e) => setNewNodeLabel(e.target.value)}
                                             />
                                         </div>
                                         <div className="space-y-2">
-                                            <Label>{t('flowchart.descriptionField')}</Label>
+                                            <Label htmlFor="flowchart-node-description">{t('flowchart.descriptionField')}</Label>
                                             <Textarea
+                                                id="flowchart-node-description"
                                                 placeholder={t('flowchart.descPlaceholder')}
                                                 value={newNodeDescription}
                                                 onChange={(e) => setNewNodeDescription(e.target.value)}
                                             />
                                         </div>
                                         <div className="space-y-2">
-                                            <Label>{t('flowchart.typeField')}</Label>
+                                            <Label id="flowchart-node-type-label" htmlFor="flowchart-node-type">{t('flowchart.typeField')}</Label>
                                             <Select value={newNodeType} onValueChange={(v) => setNewNodeType(v as NodeType)}>
-                                                <SelectTrigger>
+                                                <SelectTrigger id="flowchart-node-type" aria-labelledby="flowchart-node-type-label">
                                                     <SelectValue />
                                                 </SelectTrigger>
                                                 <SelectContent>
@@ -695,9 +698,9 @@ export default function FlowchartPage() {
                                         </div>
                                         {newNodeType === 'contention' && (
                                             <div className="space-y-2">
-                                                <Label>{t('flowchart.strengthField')}</Label>
+                                                <Label id="flowchart-node-strength-label" htmlFor="flowchart-node-strength">{t('flowchart.strengthField')}</Label>
                                                 <Select value={newNodeStrength} onValueChange={(v) => setNewNodeStrength(v as 'strong' | 'moderate' | 'weak')}>
-                                                    <SelectTrigger>
+                                                    <SelectTrigger id="flowchart-node-strength" aria-labelledby="flowchart-node-strength-label">
                                                         <SelectValue />
                                                     </SelectTrigger>
                                                     <SelectContent>
@@ -736,7 +739,7 @@ export default function FlowchartPage() {
                             )}
 
                             <Select value={selectedEdgeType} onValueChange={(value) => setSelectedEdgeType(value as EdgeKind)}>
-                                <SelectTrigger className="h-9 w-[132px]">
+                                <SelectTrigger className="h-9 w-[132px]" aria-label={t('flowchart.edgeTypeLabel')}>
                                     <SelectValue />
                                 </SelectTrigger>
                                 <SelectContent>
@@ -789,7 +792,7 @@ export default function FlowchartPage() {
                                         <div className="min-w-0">
                                             <div className="flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2">
                                                 <Badge variant="secondary">{t('flowchart.selectedNode', 'Selected')}</Badge>
-                                                <h3 className="truncate text-sm font-semibold">{node.data.label}</h3>
+                                                <h2 className="truncate text-sm font-semibold">{node.data.label}</h2>
                                             </div>
                                             {node.data.description && (
                                                 <p className="mt-1 line-clamp-2 text-sm text-muted-foreground">{node.data.description}</p>
diff --git a/src/pages/LoginPage.tsx b/src/pages/LoginPage.tsx
index 6d0aebd3c..10ddc1eb3 100644
--- a/src/pages/LoginPage.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/LoginPage.tsx
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ export default function LoginPage() {
           <div className="mx-auto mb-3 flex h-12 w-12 items-center justify-center overflow-hidden rounded-lg bg-white dark:bg-slate-800">
             <img src="/favicon-72.png" alt="" width={48} height={48} className="h-full w-full object-cover" />
           </div>
-          {/* The page heading, styled like CardTitle (which renders an h3). */}
+          {/* The page heading, styled like CardTitle (which renders an h2 by default). */}
           <h1 className="text-2xl font-semibold leading-none tracking-tight">{t('login.title')}</h1>
           <CardDescription>{t('login.subtitle')}</CardDescription>
         </CardHeader>
diff --git a/src/pages/TimerPage.tsx b/src/pages/TimerPage.tsx
index aa92da79a..29d1b908e 100644
--- a/src/pages/TimerPage.tsx
+++ b/src/pages/TimerPage.tsx
@@ -300,7 +300,7 @@ export default function TimerPage() {
               </div>
             </div>
 
-            <Progress value={progress} className="h-2 w-full" />
+            <Progress value={progress} className="h-2 w-full" aria-label={t('timer.speechProgress', { speech: t(currentSpeech.labelKey) })} />
 
             {/* Controls */}
             <div className="flex justify-center gap-4">
diff --git a/src/test/a11y/names-and-headings.test.tsx b/src/test/a11y/names-and-headings.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b969dc966
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/a11y/names-and-headings.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+import { act, cleanup, fireEvent, render, screen } from '@testing-library/react';
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest';
+import { MemoryRouter } from 'react-router-dom';
+import i18n from '@/i18n';
+import { CardTitle } from '@/components/ui/card';
+import { Toaster } from '@/components/ui/sonner';
+import { LanguageSwitcher } from '@/components/LanguageSwitcher';
+import { GenerateForm } from '@/components/features/generate/GenerateForm';
+import { AttackForm } from '@/components/features/attack/AttackForm';
+import Hero from '@/components/landing/Hero';
+import TimerPage from '@/pages/TimerPage';
+
+vi.mock('@/hooks/use-subscription', () => ({
+  useSubscription: () => ({ isPro: false, tier: 'trial', loading: false }),
+}));
+
+vi.mock('@/components/layout/HeaderTooltip', () => ({
+  HeaderTooltip: ({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) => children,
+}));
+
+vi.mock('@/components/ui/popover', () => ({
+  Popover: ({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) => <div>{children}</div>,
+  PopoverTrigger: ({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) => children,
+  PopoverContent: ({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) => <div>{children}</div>,
+}));
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  HTMLElement.prototype.scrollIntoView = () => {};
+  HTMLElement.prototype.hasPointerCapture = () => false;
+  HTMLElement.prototype.setPointerCapture = () => {};
+  HTMLElement.prototype.releasePointerCapture = () => {};
+});
+
+afterEach(async () => {
+  cleanup();
+  await i18n.changeLanguage('en');
+});
+
+describe('accessible names and headings', () => {
+  it('renders CardTitle as an h2 by default and keeps the same classes at another level', () => {
+    const { rerender } = render(<CardTitle>Prepare</CardTitle>);
+    const title = screen.getByRole('heading', { level: 2, name: 'Prepare' });
+    expect(title.className).toContain('text-lg');
+    expect(title.className).toContain('font-semibold');
+    expect(title.className).toContain('leading-tight');
+    expect(title.className).toContain('tracking-[-0.014em]');
+
+    rerender(<CardTitle as="h1">Access Denied</CardTitle>);
+    expect(screen.getByRole('heading', { level: 1, name: 'Access Denied' }).className).toContain('text-lg');
+  });
+
+  it('names the notification region in the active language', async () => {
+    const { rerender } = render(<Toaster />);
+    // Sonner appends the focus shortcut to containerAriaLabel.
+    expect(screen.getByRole('region', { name: 'Notifications alt+T' })).toBeInTheDocument();
+
+    await act(async () => { await i18n.changeLanguage('es'); });
+    rerender(<Toaster />);
+    expect(screen.getByRole('region', { name: 'Notificaciones alt+T' })).toBeInTheDocument();
+
+    await act(async () => { await i18n.changeLanguage('hu'); });
+    rerender(<Toaster />);
+    expect(screen.getByRole('region', { name: 'Értesítések alt+T' })).toBeInTheDocument();
+  });
+
+  it('names the language button and both language groups in English, Spanish and Hungarian', async () => {
+    const { rerender } = render(<LanguageSwitcher />);
+    expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Language' })).toBeInTheDocument();
+    expect(screen.getByRole('radiogroup', { name: 'Interface language' })).toBeInTheDocument();
+    expect(screen.getByRole('radiogroup', { name: 'AI output language' })).toBeInTheDocument();
+
+    await act(async () => { await i18n.changeLanguage('es'); });
+    rerender(<LanguageSwitcher />);
+    expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Idioma' })).toBeInTheDocument();
+    expect(screen.getByRole('radiogroup', { name: 'Idioma de la interfaz' })).toBeInTheDocument();
+    expect(screen.getByRole('radiogroup', { name: 'Idioma de salida de IA' })).toBeInTheDocument();
+
+    await act(async () => { await i18n.changeLanguage('hu'); });
+    rerender(<LanguageSwitcher />);
+    expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Nyelv' })).toBeInTheDocument();
+    expect(screen.getByRole('radiogroup', { name: 'Felület nyelve' })).toBeInTheDocument();
+    expect(screen.getByRole('radiogroup', { name: 'AI kimenet nyelve' })).toBeInTheDocument();
+  });
+
+  it('names Generate selects from their visible labels', () => {
+    render(<GenerateForm onSubmit={() => {}} isLoading={false} debatePrefill={false} />);
+    expect(screen.getByRole('combobox', { name: 'Side' })).toBeInTheDocument();
+    expect(screen.getByRole('combobox', { name: 'Speaker Role' })).toBeInTheDocument();
+
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'More options' }));
+    expect(screen.getByRole('combobox', { name: 'Case Length' })).toBeInTheDocument();
+    expect(screen.getByRole('combobox', { name: 'Audience Level' })).toBeInTheDocument();
+    expect(screen.getByRole('combobox', { name: 'Tone' })).toBeInTheDocument();
+  });
+
+  it('names Attack switches from their labels and selects from theirs', () => {
+    render(<AttackForm onSubmit={() => {}} isLoading={false} debateContext={false} />);
+    fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: /More options/ }));
+    expect(screen.getByRole('switch', { name: 'Detect Fallacies' })).toHaveAccessibleDescription('Identify logical fallacies in the argument');
+    expect(screen.getByRole('switch', { name: 'Analyze Weighing' })).toHaveAccessibleDescription('Evaluate impact comparison and prioritization');
+    expect(screen.getByRole('combobox', { name: 'Attack Intensity' })).toBeInTheDocument();
+    expect(screen.getByRole('combobox', { name: 'Judge Paradigm' })).toBeInTheDocument();
+  });
+
+  it('names the timer progress bar with the current speech and a numeric value', async () => {
+    const { rerender } = render(<TimerPage />);
+    const bar = screen.getByRole('progressbar', { name: 'Introductor progress' });
+    expect(bar).toHaveAttribute('aria-valuenow', '0');
+    expect(bar).not.toHaveAttribute('data-state', 'indeterminate');
+
+    await act(async () => { await i18n.changeLanguage('es'); });
+    rerender(<TimerPage />);
+    expect(screen.getByRole('progressbar', { name: 'Progreso de Introductor' })).toBeInTheDocument();
+
+    await act(async () => { await i18n.changeLanguage('hu'); });
+    rerender(<TimerPage />);
+    expect(screen.getByRole('progressbar', { name: 'Bevezető előrehaladása' })).toBeInTheDocument();
+  });
+
+  it('keeps the hero mode toggles available and the fake preview out of the tab order', () => {
+    render(<MemoryRouter><Hero /></MemoryRouter>);
+    expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Generate', pressed: true })).toBeInTheDocument();
+    const motion = document.getElementById('hero-motion');
+    expect(motion).toHaveAttribute('tabindex', '-1');
+    expect(motion?.closest('[aria-hidden="true"]')).toBeTruthy();
+    expect(motion?.closest('[inert]')).toBeTruthy();
+  });
+});