diff --git a/changelog.d/2357.fixed.md b/changelog.d/2357.fixed.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cf545ad608
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog.d/2357.fixed.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Release the tax-benefit systems and simulations that five test modules cache once each module's tests finish, build the two-child limit and cliff property tests' reforms over one shared baseline system, and check that every test module cache is released (#2357).
diff --git a/policyengine_uk/tests/code_health/test_test_module_caches_released.py b/policyengine_uk/tests/code_health/test_test_module_caches_released.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d3059879f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/policyengine_uk/tests/code_health/test_test_module_caches_released.py
@@ -0,0 +1,384 @@
+"""Test modules must release their module-level caches when they finish.
+
+Property tests cache tax-benefit systems and simulations with
+``functools.lru_cache`` so that each Hypothesis example does not build them
+again. A module-level cache outlives the module's tests: it keeps everything
+it holds for the rest of the test process, and a system also keeps the last
+simulation built from it (``Simulation.__init__`` sets
+``tax_benefit_system.simulation``). One such cache kept 13 systems, about
+0.5 GiB, in a CI worker for the rest of its run (run 38165445604, #2357).
+
+So a test module must call ``cache_clear()``, after the ``yield`` of a
+module-scoped autouse fixture, on every functools cache that it:
+
+- defines at module level (a decorated function, or
+  ``name = lru_cache(...)(function)``);
+- imports from another test file; or
+- fills through a function it imports from another test file, where that
+  function reaches the cache through that file's own module-level functions.
+
+An imported cache counts separately because, under pytest's default (prepend)
+import mode, pytest collects the files in this directory by bare name (it has
+no ``__init__.py``), so ``from policyengine_uk.tests.X import f`` loads a second
+copy of ``X`` with its own caches, which ``X``'s fixtures never clear.
+
+This is a static scan. It does not see cached methods, caches reached through
+``import module`` rather than ``from module import name``, a cache re-exported
+through a third test file or reached through a helper in one, or whether a
+``cache_clear()`` written after the ``yield`` runs (one in an ``except`` branch
+counts).
+"""
+
+import ast
+from collections.abc import Iterator
+from pathlib import Path
+
+TESTS = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[1]
+CACHES = {"lru_cache", "cache"}
+FUNCTIONS = (ast.FunctionDef, ast.AsyncFunctionDef)
+
+
+def _is_functools_cache(node: ast.AST) -> bool:
+    """``lru_cache``, ``cache``, ``functools.lru_cache``, called or not."""
+    if isinstance(node, ast.Call):
+        node = node.func
+    if isinstance(node, ast.Attribute):
+        return (
+            node.attr in CACHES
+            and isinstance(node.value, ast.Name)
+            and node.value.id == "functools"
+        )
+    return isinstance(node, ast.Name) and node.id in CACHES
+
+
+def module_functions(tree: ast.Module) -> dict[str, ast.AST]:
+    return {node.name: node for node in tree.body if isinstance(node, FUNCTIONS)}
+
+
+def cache_bodies(tree: ast.Module) -> dict[str, ast.AST | None]:
+    """Module-level names bound to a functools cache, each with the module
+    function it wraps (None when it wraps something else)."""
+    functions = module_functions(tree)
+    caches: dict[str, ast.AST | None] = {
+        name: function
+        for name, function in functions.items()
+        if any(_is_functools_cache(d) for d in function.decorator_list)
+    }
+    for node in tree.body:
+        if not (isinstance(node, ast.Assign) and isinstance(node.value, ast.Call)):
+            continue
+        call = node.value
+        # name = lru_cache(maxsize=1)(function) or name = cache(function), but
+        # not name = lru_cache(maxsize=1), which is a decorator, not a cache.
+        if isinstance(call.func, ast.Call):
+            applied = _is_functools_cache(call.func)
+        else:
+            applied = (
+                _is_functools_cache(call)
+                and bool(call.args)
+                and not isinstance(call.args[0], ast.Constant)
+            )
+        if applied:
+            wrapped = call.args[0] if call.args else None
+            body = functions.get(wrapped.id) if isinstance(wrapped, ast.Name) else None
+            caches.update({t.id: body for t in node.targets if isinstance(t, ast.Name)})
+    return caches
+
+
+def cached_functions(tree: ast.Module) -> set[str]:
+    return set(cache_bodies(tree))
+
+
+def reached_caches(tree: ast.Module, names: set[str]) -> set[str]:
+    """Caches of this module that calling the named functions can fill: the
+    names themselves, and any cache their bodies reach through the module's
+    own functions."""
+    caches = cache_bodies(tree)
+    bodies = module_functions(tree) | {
+        name: body for name, body in caches.items() if body is not None
+    }
+    seen: set[str] = set()
+    pending = [name for name in names if name in bodies or name in caches]
+    while pending:
+        name = pending.pop()
+        if name in seen:
+            continue
+        seen.add(name)
+        if name in bodies:
+            pending += [
+                node.id
+                for node in ast.walk(bodies[name])
+                if isinstance(node, ast.Name)
+                and (node.id in bodies or node.id in caches)
+            ]
+    return seen & set(caches)
+
+
+def _own_nodes(function: ast.AST) -> Iterator[ast.AST]:
+    """The function's nodes, without the bodies of functions nested in it."""
+    pending = list(ast.iter_child_nodes(function))
+    while pending:
+        node = pending.pop()
+        yield node
+        if not isinstance(node, (*FUNCTIONS, ast.Lambda, ast.ClassDef)):
+            pending.extend(ast.iter_child_nodes(node))
+
+
+def _is_module_autouse_fixture(function: ast.AST) -> bool:
+    for decorator in getattr(function, "decorator_list", []):
+        if not isinstance(decorator, ast.Call):
+            continue
+        func = decorator.func
+        name = func.attr if isinstance(func, ast.Attribute) else getattr(func, "id", "")
+        keywords = {
+            keyword.arg: keyword.value.value
+            for keyword in decorator.keywords
+            if isinstance(keyword.value, ast.Constant)
+        }
+        if (
+            name == "fixture"
+            and keywords.get("scope") == "module"
+            and keywords.get("autouse") is True
+        ):
+            return True
+    return False
+
+
+def released_caches(tree: ast.Module) -> set[str]:
+    """Names whose cache_clear() comes after the yield of a module-scoped
+    autouse fixture, including a yield inside ``with`` or ``try``."""
+    released = set()
+    for function in module_functions(tree).values():
+        if not _is_module_autouse_fixture(function):
+            continue
+        nodes = list(_own_nodes(function))
+        yields = [node.lineno for node in nodes if isinstance(node, ast.Yield)]
+        if not yields:
+            continue
+        for node in nodes:
+            if (
+                isinstance(node, ast.Call)
+                and isinstance(node.func, ast.Attribute)
+                and node.func.attr == "cache_clear"
+                and isinstance(node.func.value, ast.Name)
+                and node.lineno > min(yields)
+            ):
+                released.add(node.func.value.id)
+    return released
+
+
+def imported_test_files(
+    tree: ast.Module, path: Path
+) -> dict[Path, dict[str, set[str]]]:
+    """Other test files this module imports names from: for each file, the
+    imported names and everything this module calls each of them."""
+    imports: dict[Path, dict[str, set[str]]] = {}
+    for node in tree.body:
+        if not isinstance(node, ast.ImportFrom):
+            continue
+        module = (node.module or "").removeprefix("policyengine_uk.tests.")
+        if not module:
+            continue
+        relative = Path(*module.split(".")).with_suffix(".py")
+        bases = [path.parents[node.level - 1]] if node.level else [TESTS, path.parent]
+        for base in bases:
+            if (base / relative).is_file():
+                names = imports.setdefault(base / relative, {})
+                for alias in node.names:
+                    names.setdefault(alias.name, set()).add(alias.asname or alias.name)
+                break
+    return imports
+
+
+def parse(path: Path) -> ast.Module:
+    return ast.parse(path.read_text(), filename=str(path))
+
+
+def unreleased_caches(path: Path) -> list[str]:
+    tree = parse(path)
+    # Each cache, as the names this module can clear it by.
+    caches = [{name} for name in cached_functions(tree)]
+    for imported, names in imported_test_files(tree, path).items():
+        if imported == path:
+            continue
+        # A cache this module fills without importing it is reported under
+        # its own name: import it to clear it.
+        caches += [
+            names.get(cache, {cache})
+            for cache in reached_caches(parse(imported), set(names))
+        ]
+    released = released_caches(tree)
+    return sorted({min(names) for names in caches if not names & released})
+
+
+def test_every_test_module_cache_is_released():
+    findings = {
+        str(path.relative_to(TESTS)): missing
+        for path in sorted(TESTS.rglob("*.py"))
+        if (missing := unreleased_caches(path))
+    }
+    assert not findings, (
+        "Clear these caches after the yield of a module-scoped autouse "
+        f"fixture in the module that uses them: {findings}"
+    )
+
+
+SCANNED = """
+import functools
+from functools import cache, lru_cache
+
+import pytest
+
+
+@lru_cache(maxsize=None)
+def systems(value):
+    return value
+
+
+@cache
+def simulation():
+    return 1
+
+
+@functools.lru_cache
+async def template():
+    return 2
+
+
+def build():
+    return 3
+
+
+assigned = lru_cache(maxsize=1)(build)
+wrapped = cache(build)
+not_a_functools_cache = registry.cache(build)
+
+
+def helper():
+    return indirect()
+
+
+def indirect():
+    return simulation()
+
+
+def pure():
+    return build()
+
+
+def fills_simulation():
+    return simulation()
+
+
+through_a_wrapper = cache(fills_simulation)
+a_decorator = lru_cache(maxsize=1)
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(scope="module", autouse=True)
+def release():
+    systems.cache_clear()  # before the yield: does not count
+    yield
+
+    def never_called():
+        wrapped.cache_clear()  # in a nested function: does not count
+
+    simulation.cache_clear()
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(autouse=True, scope="module")
+def release_after_a_yield_inside_with():
+    with open(__file__):
+        try:
+            yield
+        finally:
+            template.cache_clear()
+"""
+
+
+def test_the_scan_finds_caches_and_releases():
+    tree = ast.parse(SCANNED)
+    assert cached_functions(tree) == {
+        "systems",
+        "simulation",
+        "template",
+        "assigned",
+        "wrapped",
+        "through_a_wrapper",
+    }
+    assert released_caches(tree) == {"simulation", "template"}
+
+    function_scoped = SCANNED.replace('scope="module"', 'scope="function"')
+    assert released_caches(ast.parse(function_scoped)) == set()
+    not_autouse = SCANNED.replace("autouse=True", "autouse=False")
+    assert released_caches(ast.parse(not_autouse)) == set()
+
+
+def test_the_scan_follows_functions_to_the_caches_they_fill():
+    tree = ast.parse(SCANNED)
+    assert reached_caches(tree, {"helper"}) == {"simulation"}
+    assert reached_caches(tree, {"systems", "pure"}) == {"systems"}
+    # An assigned cache also fills what the function it wraps reaches.
+    assert reached_caches(tree, {"through_a_wrapper"}) == {
+        "through_a_wrapper",
+        "simulation",
+    }
+    assert reached_caches(tree, {"pure", "not_defined_here"}) == set()
+
+
+def test_the_scan_follows_imports_from_other_test_files(tmp_path):
+    (tmp_path / "test_source.py").write_text(SCANNED)
+    user = tmp_path / "test_user.py"
+    for imports, expected in [
+        # An imported cache, under the name this module gives it.
+        ("from test_source import systems as cached_systems", ["cached_systems"]),
+        # A cache filled through an imported helper, which is not imported.
+        ("from test_source import helper", ["simulation"]),
+        ("from .test_source import helper, simulation", ["simulation"]),
+        ("from test_source import pure", []),
+    ]:
+        user.write_text(imports + "\n")
+        assert unreleased_caches(user) == expected, imports
+
+    # A relative import from a subdirectory, which only the import's level
+    # resolves.
+    nested = tmp_path / "nested" / "test_user.py"
+    nested.parent.mkdir()
+    nested.write_text("from ..test_source import helper\n")
+    assert unreleased_caches(nested) == ["simulation"]
+
+    # A cache is released under any of the names this module imports it by.
+    user.write_text(
+        "import pytest\n"
+        "from test_source import systems as a\n"
+        "from test_source import systems as b\n\n\n"
+        '@pytest.fixture(scope="module", autouse=True)\n'
+        "def release():\n"
+        "    yield\n"
+        "    a.cache_clear()\n"
+    )
+    assert unreleased_caches(user) == []
+
+    user.write_text(
+        "import pytest\n"
+        "from test_source import helper, simulation as shared\n\n\n"
+        '@pytest.fixture(scope="module", autouse=True)\n'
+        "def release():\n"
+        "    yield\n"
+        "    shared.cache_clear()\n"
+    )
+    assert unreleased_caches(user) == []
+
+
+def test_the_scan_resolves_this_directorys_imports():
+    tree = ast.parse(
+        "from policyengine_uk.tests.test_state_pension_age import (\n"
+        "    YEARS,\n"
+        "    differential_simulation as cached,\n"
+        ")\n"
+    )
+    assert imported_test_files(tree, TESTS / "test_x.py") == {
+        TESTS / "test_state_pension_age.py": {
+            "YEARS": {"YEARS"},
+            "differential_simulation": {"cached"},
+        }
+    }
diff --git a/policyengine_uk/tests/test_cliff_evaluated_properties.py b/policyengine_uk/tests/test_cliff_evaluated_properties.py
index 0e2144d3e8..14c46b230c 100644
--- a/policyengine_uk/tests/test_cliff_evaluated_properties.py
+++ b/policyengine_uk/tests/test_cliff_evaluated_properties.py
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 from functools import lru_cache
 
 import numpy as np
+import pytest
 from hypothesis import HealthCheck, given, settings
 from hypothesis import strategies as st
 from policyengine_core.reforms import Reform, set_parameter
@@ -32,7 +33,14 @@
 )
 
 
-@lru_cache(maxsize=None)
+@lru_cache(maxsize=1)
+def baseline_system():
+    return CountryTaxBenefitSystem()
+
+
+# One reform per value scenarios() draws for mtr_adults. A reform clones only
+# the baseline's parameters.
+@lru_cache(maxsize=4)
 def tax_benefit_system(mtr_adults):
     modifier = set_parameter(
         MTR_ADULTS, mtr_adults, return_modifier=True, period="year:2000:100"
@@ -42,7 +50,16 @@ class override(Reform):
         def apply(self):
             self.parameters = modifier(self.parameters)
 
-    return override(CountryTaxBenefitSystem())
+    return override(baseline_system())
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(scope="module", autouse=True)
+def release_systems():
+    # Each system also keeps its last simulation alive. Drop them once this
+    # module's tests are done, instead of for the rest of the test process.
+    yield
+    tax_benefit_system.cache_clear()
+    baseline_system.cache_clear()
 
 
 earnings = st.sampled_from([0, 5_000, 20_000, 60_000, 120_000])
diff --git a/policyengine_uk/tests/test_state_pension_age.py b/policyengine_uk/tests/test_state_pension_age.py
index a8cb7d948c..459c5af90e 100644
--- a/policyengine_uk/tests/test_state_pension_age.py
+++ b/policyengine_uk/tests/test_state_pension_age.py
@@ -256,6 +256,16 @@ def differential_simulation() -> tuple:
     return Simulation(situation=situation(people)), keys
 
 
+@pytest.fixture(scope="module", autouse=True)
+def release_cached_simulations():
+    # The differential simulation keeps every year it has calculated. Drop
+    # the cached simulations once this module's tests are done, instead of
+    # for the rest of the test process.
+    yield
+    differential_simulation.cache_clear()
+    situation_template.cache_clear()
+
+
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("year", YEARS)
 def test_status_matches_statute_for_every_birth_date(year):
     """State Pension age status, type, the Savings Credit age test and the day
diff --git a/policyengine_uk/tests/test_state_pension_credit_qualifying_age.py b/policyengine_uk/tests/test_state_pension_credit_qualifying_age.py
index a1eea4e249..3dc872d96a 100644
--- a/policyengine_uk/tests/test_state_pension_credit_qualifying_age.py
+++ b/policyengine_uk/tests/test_state_pension_credit_qualifying_age.py
@@ -81,6 +81,19 @@ def property_simulation(people: dict):
     return sim
 
 
+@pytest.fixture(scope="module", autouse=True)
+def release_cached_simulations():
+    # Under pytest's default import mode, the import above loads
+    # policyengine_uk.tests.test_state_pension_age, a separate module from the
+    # test_state_pension_age that pytest collects by bare name (this directory
+    # has no __init__.py). Its differential_simulation cache is filled here, so
+    # it is cleared here. Drop the cached simulations once this module's tests
+    # are done, instead of for the rest of the test process.
+    yield
+    differential_simulation.cache_clear()
+    one_person_units_template.cache_clear()
+
+
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("year", YEARS)
 def test_qualifying_age_matches_statute_for_every_birth_date(year):
     """For births every third day from 1945 to 1984 and on both sides of every
diff --git a/policyengine_uk/tests/test_two_child_limit_age_exemption_properties.py b/policyengine_uk/tests/test_two_child_limit_age_exemption_properties.py
index 315dc29705..cc636ab030 100644
--- a/policyengine_uk/tests/test_two_child_limit_age_exemption_properties.py
+++ b/policyengine_uk/tests/test_two_child_limit_age_exemption_properties.py
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 from functools import lru_cache
 
 import numpy as np
+import pytest
 from hypothesis import HealthCheck, given, settings
 from hypothesis import strategies as st
 from policyengine_core.reforms import Reform, set_parameter
@@ -38,12 +39,17 @@
 TOLERANCE = 0.01
 
 
-@lru_cache(maxsize=None)
-def tax_benefit_system(parameter, value):
-    """The UK system, with one parameter overridden for all years if given."""
-    system = CountryTaxBenefitSystem()
-    if parameter is None:
-        return system
+@lru_cache(maxsize=1)
+def baseline_system():
+    return CountryTaxBenefitSystem()
+
+
+# Each example uses the repealed limit, then one threshold, so the last two
+# reforms are the repealed limit's and the latest threshold's: a reform is
+# built only when the threshold changes, instead of one system being held per
+# threshold drawn. A reform clones only the baseline's parameters.
+@lru_cache(maxsize=2)
+def reformed_system(parameter, value):
     modifier = set_parameter(
         parameter, value, return_modifier=True, period="year:2000:100"
     )
@@ -52,7 +58,23 @@ class override(Reform):
         def apply(self):
             self.parameters = modifier(self.parameters)
 
-    return override(system)
+    return override(baseline_system())
+
+
+def tax_benefit_system(parameter, value):
+    """The UK system, with one parameter overridden for all years if given."""
+    if parameter is None:
+        return baseline_system()
+    return reformed_system(parameter, value)
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(scope="module", autouse=True)
+def release_systems():
+    # Each system also keeps its last simulation alive. Drop them once this
+    # module's tests are done, instead of for the rest of the test process.
+    yield
+    reformed_system.cache_clear()
+    baseline_system.cache_clear()
 
 
 @st.composite
diff --git a/policyengine_uk/tests/test_uc_work_related_groups_properties.py b/policyengine_uk/tests/test_uc_work_related_groups_properties.py
index 2b3c643ae7..573e820fe5 100644
--- a/policyengine_uk/tests/test_uc_work_related_groups_properties.py
+++ b/policyengine_uk/tests/test_uc_work_related_groups_properties.py
@@ -499,6 +499,14 @@ def qualifying_age_couples():
     return Simulation(situation=situation), keys
 
 
+@pytest.fixture(scope="module", autouse=True)
+def release_cached_simulation():
+    # Drop the cached simulation, and the system it built, once this module's
+    # tests are done, instead of for the rest of the test process.
+    yield
+    qualifying_age_couples.cache_clear()
+
+
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("year", QUALIFYING_AGE_YEARS)
 def test_regulation_89_1_a_follows_the_statute_for_every_birth_date(year):
     """The elder member is in section 19 exactly when the statute puts a woman